Sharif Digital Repository

During the last decades, the exponential population growth as well as the adverse impacts of climate change have brought about serious challenges in supplying freshwater demands. In this regard, buildings account for a considerable portion of freshwater withdrawal. Accordingly, urgent measures should be taken to tackle this crisis. Rainwater harvesting (RWH), Greywater recycling (GWR), and Hybrid rainwater greywater (HRG) systems are considered efficient substitute resources that are able to reduce the consumption of water supplied by centralized networks in buildings. Nonetheless, there is a vital need for the financial and technical assessment of these systems. Additionally, multiple... 

Forecasting model of water consumption amounts could be used in order to manage water resources for future condition of city. In this thesis, a model for forecasting water demand for Tehran has been presented by evaluating regression models and intelligent models. In this study, uncertainties which are connected to climate and population changes are taken into account. The considered variables include minimum, maximum and medium temperature, precipitation and solar radiation. Considering objectives of this thesis and various forecasting methods and their advantages and regional conditions of Tehran, in addition to regression analysis, perceptron neural network, probabilistic neural network... 

The Droughts in various parts of the world cause a lot of economic and social damage every year. In fact, droughts are due to climate fluctuations that are inherent in the natural processes of meteorological and hydrological processes and reduce water resources; population growth; Of course population growth, exacerbates its consequences. Research as well as observations have shown that climate change also exacerbates extreme phenomena such as drought and flood. The population of Kabul city, the capital of Afghanistan, is increasing due to migration from other cities, and on the other hand, the flow of the river in the summer is minimized, which for some years leads to drought. In these... 

Recently lots of studies have been done on driving cycles and parameters affecting pollutants emission and fuel consumption. Due to changes of driving behavior and traffic situations, it’s necessary to update driving cycle of a city to obtain more accurate simulation and analysis results. In this project, first of all driving cycle of Tehran city is developed using three different methods. These methods include choosing representative microtrips from specified traffic situations, clustering and choosing representative microtrips from all available data. Results show that using clustering method is more accuarate and parameters of the cycle developed using this method is closer to measured... 

Over the course of past decade, air pollution has been placed among the top issues chocking capital Tehran. Stationary source of air pollution is among the most important, but, less treated facors. On the year, 2014, Tehran’s air quality company addressed a number of projects in this very field could gain further governmental supports. This announcement could be a sign, showing the importance of this research. These researches in fact, have the potentioal to increase the authority’s decision making abilities in critical situations. As the models prognosticates future with acceptble accuracy, it leads to highly efficient dicissions. The results could also be used in demographic studies as... 

Traffic is a major contributor to emissions in many large cities with severe air pollution. Experience in London, Milan, and Stockholm shows that charging for the use of roads can be effective in reducing emissions, as well as congestion. This study examines the use of predictive cordon tolls based on weather forecasts to reduce ambient air pollution and congestion. Travelers choose their destinations inside or outside the cordon, and whether to drive or take public transport. Passenger vehicles are divided into three classes according to their emission characteristics, and higher tolls are imposed on more polluting vehicles. The Box model of emission dispersion is used to predict air... 

Data analysis is the science of extracting human-understandable knowledge from data. Massive data analysis is usually associated with the challenges of Volume, Velocity, Variety, Veracity and Value. These challenges are often referred to as 5V. With increasing processing power and reducing its cost in the last decade, massive data analysis methods have been used in various fields such as market, insurance and health, telecommunications and network, web search engines, intelligent transportation, etc. In this dissertation, we have tried to extract applied knowledge by using massive data analysis platforms and algorithms as well as traffic data. In this dissertation, a mathematical model for... 

The use of IoT-based technologies is expanding in many areas today. The use of audio and video processing in IoT systems has been used as an alternative to human operators by increasing power and reducing processing costs. Due to the large volume of audio and video data and bandwidth limitations, complete data transfer to cloud processing servers is not cost-effective in terms of efficiency and energy consumption. As a result, the solution that has provided good results is to discharge these device tasks to the available clouds. In other words, the capacity of resources in the environment can be used to optimize the total latency of the system and energy consumption. In this dissertation, we... 

Due to climate change and the increase in the emission of greenhouse gasses, the temperature of the large cities is increasing. Tehran, which is the capital of Iran and the most populated city of it, is no exception. One of the significant tools for characterizing heat in the cities is having access to the temperature field of the region. Different tools can be used for achieving the temperature field. Two methods for doing so are remote sensing and numerical models. Each one of the mentioned methods has their own strength and weaknesses. In this research, the WRF-ARW model (version 3.7) is used for deriving meteorological fields for the city of Tehran. One of the many merits of using... 

About 6.5 million people die from air pollution annually, of which 5.5 million are from the Asian continent. By considering reduction of life span and external costs associated with the emission of air pollutants, the importance of environmental impact assessment and managing the reduction of pollutant emissions becomes even more important. Meanwhile, the largest share (85%) of pollutant emissions is related to the supply and demand sectors of energy carriers. Therefore, the design and development of the environmental impact assessment system of energy flows is a necessity in the process of sustainable development of the energy sector.A key policy challenge in Tehran megacity is to curb high... 

Due to advantages of Peer-to-Peer (P2P) networks, many internet users use them for content distribution (Many internet users distribute content using them). These systems may be categorized to Centralized, Pure, and Hybrid. Gnutella is a heavily decentralized and unstructured file sharing P2P networks that are responsible for a good part of the traffic on the internet. These P2P networks are at risk of many security threats from internet worms. Internet worms and their threats are a major concern to the networking community. In this thesis we concentrate on passive non-scanning worms and propose a novel approach to detect such worms. As part of our work, we collected data from the Gnutella... 

The objective of this research is to develop a mathematical model for analysis and design of airport cities. In this model, the interactions among the elements of an airport city -regarded as a complex system- will be analyzed, and the impact of the stakeholders’ requirements on the functional and physical architecture of the airport city will be investigated. So as the first step, the stakeholders of the system and their requirements are identified and classified. Second, the concept of operation of the airport city is investigated, and then the architecture of the system is modeled as a queuing network. So that each element of the airport city is regarded as a service center, including the... 

Tehran, the capital of Iran, like many megacities in the world is encountered with increasing freshwater demand and water resources limitation because of the rapid growth of population. In spite of the existence of neighboring water recourses; such as Karaj-Dam, Latian-Dam and Lar-Dam, and large usage of groundwater, the management of urban water demand is one of the biggest problems with this city. In this thesis, water reuse and wastewater recycling are considered as a sustainable solution for water supply and wastewater management of Tehran. A linear programming optimization model with the object of cost minimization is used to allocate water between users and resources, concerning the... 

Air pollution is a prevalent and pressing issue in Tehran, with significant impacts on both the environment and human health. this study uses statistical techniques, such as Pearson correlation, to determine the direction of influence of meteorological parameters on air pollutant concentrations, and Convergent Cross Mapping to quantify the causal relationship between meteorological parameters and ambient air pollutant concentrations, as well as feedback effects. Additionally, the research delves into the correlation between consumption of fossil fuels and air pollutants, as well as the relationship between lung cancer incidence and mortality by histological subtype and long-term exposure to... 

Due to the fluctuations of macro-economic factors, Tehran’s housing market has experienced several nominal price shocks. We aim to find a method to study the spatiotemporal dispersion of the shock, the center for this shock (if one exists), and the shock diffusion in Tehran’s housing market. There are similar studies in different geographical locations, but almost all of them have focused on shock dispersion across regions and states rather than within a city. While there are a bulk of the studies to construct a usable House Price Index in Iran and the effect of macro-economic factors on house prices, a similar study was yet to be done for a specific city or across wider regions in the... 

Tehran is the most populated area in Iran and is one of the most densely populated cities in the world where almost 40 percent of all days have been classified as unhealthy for sensitive groups. According to emission inventory of Tehran over than 85 percent of emission are due to different types of vehicles. And light duty vehicles share more than 80 percent all vehicles and are responsible for most of carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides emitted in Tehran atmosphere. In this study real emission factor of Hybrid Synergy vehicles which just have been introduced to Tehran fleet were tested under real conditions of streets. Data produced in this research have been combined with previous... 

Today, accidents are considered as one of the main causes of human mortality in the world. According to the World Health Organization, about 1.35 million people die in accidents each year, and 20 to 50 million people are injured because of accidents. In our country, about 17000 people are killed in traffic accidents annually. The mentioned statistics clarify the significance of paying attention to traffic accidents and identifying the factors that lead to them, as well as considering the strategies and policies for reducing accident rates. Due to the fundamental role of human factors in the occurrence of car accidents, the use of models that include the personality and attitude of drivers... 

Business cycles have been always one of the main issues discussed in macroeconomics. Nonlinear trend is one of the main characteristics of business cycles. Linear models are not able to explain this nonlinear nature. In order to capture nonlinear features of variables such as change rate of housing price or GDP which have severe ascending and descending and nonlinear behavior, regime switching models, specially Markov regime switching model, have been replaced existing linear models. Comprised to other models, regime switching model has a main advantage: this model is able to consider two important features of business cycles, i.e. asymmetry of different stages of business cycles and... 

Tehran is surrounded by about ten active faults, which have had no major seismic activity during the last 200 years. Considering soil characteristics, the faults may cause fault ruptures, resonance, landslides in some areas. Tehran's MPE is determined to be about 0.4g which is a high seismic hazard. Specific codes have been generated in the last 50 years to ensure structures' stability when a quake occurs, but observations show that the codes are not fully implemented in the construction of public structures in Tehran. In this study, first the structural imperfections observed in the public structures and their effect on the structures' seismic performance were reviewed. The imperfections... 

In a macro view point, it can be said that housing demand in recent years is making the construction industry one of the main sectors of Iran’s economy. On the other hand, analysis of seismic risk in the country with regard to the geological conditions, the faults, and the seismic records of mega city of Tehran is depicting the delicate location of the Iranian capital. This city is selected as a case study in this thesis that has a high probability for the event; where this event has also been classified as a devastating earthquake ever. Due to the involvement of private sector in construction industry, the need for establishing a system of strict control on quality of construction of the...