Sharif Digital Repository

There are three types of Slices in an FPGA, and based on the functionality of these slices, SliceM has the most features especially for designs based on shift registers, adders, and ROMs, and from all of the slices, 25% of them are SliceM. Among the earlier designs that are FPGA-based, Anderson PUF is that is classified as a weak delay-based PUF. In Anderson’s design there always should be atleast two SliceMs that their LUTs are configured as shift registers, the Andersons PUF in some FPGA Architecture especially Series 7 FPGAs, consumes two SliceMs and two other SliceLs, so practically we are using four of our precious slices. Rather than these, in series 6 FPGAs, the design should change... 

The crypto-processors are used for encryption and decryption of the sensitive and important information. A crypto-processor converts input plaintext to ciphertext by an input key using a particular cryptographic algorithm. It also converts ciphertext to plaintext by the same or another key. Cryptographic standards are divided in two types: symmetric key algorithms (private key) and asymmetric key algorithms (public key). Current processors generally support only one or a few number of cryptographic algorithms. The motivation of this project is design and implementation of a multi-standard crypto-processor which supports the most of symmetric and asymmetric cryptographic algorithms, such as... 

Optical Wireless Communication is believed to have a great potential in establishing point to point connection and have attracted an unexpected growth in research , applications and market. Furthermore, Optical wireless systems have recently emerged as a new means of communication, especially in places where electromagnetic interferences is of utmost concern such as in passenger planes and hospitals and in other communications applications where cost could is of concern. In this thesis we build upon previously introduced wireless optical code-division multiple –access communication. In the context of an OCDMA system we begin our study by considering synchronization circuit via a... 

This paper presents a scalable and ultrasensitive magnetic biosensing scheme based on on-chip LC resonance frequency-shifting. The sensor transducer gain is demonstrated as being location-dependent on the sensing surface and proportional to the local polarization magnetic field strength |B|2 generated by the sensing inductor. To improve the gain uniformity, a periodic coil is proposed as a substitution for the standard process coil. As an implementation example, the circuit is designed in a 65nm CMOS process. The spatially uniform sensor gain of the array is verified by COMSOL simulations. Overall, the presented sensor demonstrates an improvement in the uniformity of the inductor’s magnetic... 

A microwave transceiver system requires an array of amplifiers. Low-noise amplifiers (LNAs) are integral parts of receivers while transmitters are based on several stages of power amplifiers (PAs). In modern communication standards, power amplifiers have to achieve high efficiencies over increasingly larger dynamic ranges and banwidths, while maintaining tight linearity requirements. In these systems, PAs must be highly efficient to simplify the thermal management and to reduce dc power requirements. Recently, the use of monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) for commercial and military applications have been paid more attention to, given the fact that the possibility of building... 

Broadband low-noise amplifiers (LNAs) find widespread application in many communication and measurement systems, and extensive research efforts have been devoted to improve their performances. The main efforts include the system bandwidth enhancement for increasing the data rate, the system noise reduction for improving sensitivity of receivers, and lowering the power consumption for increasing battery life of handheld systems. There is a steady quest to develop novel circuit architectures and design methodologies that can pave the way for performance enhancement of overall system.In this thesis, the design and implementation of a broadband low-noise amplifier circuit is investigated. The... 

This project proposes a novel design technique for implementation of class-EM power amplifier (PA). Class-EM mode of operation has been proposed as the improved version of class-E; outclasses in terms of efficiency as well as power gain. Specifically, provided that the current fall time of switch is an appreciable portion of a period; frequency of operation is high enough that the switching time of transistor can no longer be considered instantaneous in other words. A novel technique for harmonic injection required for class-EM operation is proposed. Followed by the system of equations and the design methodology governing the proposed circuit. As a proof of concept and verification of the... 

Power amplifiers are used as the last block of transmitters. This block can be categorized as the one of most important part in communication systems. However, in transmitter systems which require high power to create stable link with the receivers, fabrication process like CMOS are unable to provide such level of power. Thus, designers employ another group of integrated circuits which names MMIC that offers this capability to designers.
MMIC is the abbreviation of Microwave Integrated Circuit which is implemented in compound substrates like GaAs. Monolithic microwave integrated circuits enable the implementation of amplifiers in small size, large number, with high precision and... 

Power amplifiers are used as the last block of transmitters. This block can be categorized as the one of most important part in communication systems. However, in transmitter systems which require high power to create stable link with the receivers, fabrication process like CMOS are unable to provide such level of power. Thus, designers employ another group of integrated circuits which names MMIC that offers this capability to designers. In this thesis, design procedure of an amplifier in Ka frequency bands is studied. The power amplifier is fabricated in 0.1um GaAs pHEMT.The isolating backvia wall (IBVW) technique hasbeen proposed to improve gain and stability. Some other designtechniques... 

Recently, Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are widely used in many artificial intelligence applications such as image processing, speech processing and robotics. The neural networks superior accuracy comes at the cost of high computational complexity. Recent studies show that these operations can be performed in parallel. Therefore, as graphic processing units (GPUs) offer the best performance in terms of computational power and throughput, they are widely used to implement and accelerate neural networks. Nevertheless, the high price and power consumption of these processors have resulted in drawing more attraction towards Field-Programmable Arrays (FPGAs). In order to improve resource... 

Since interconnects are playing a very important role in today’s IC technology, introducing new models and approximations is vital to IC designers. In this dissertation, maxwell equations are introduced as they are the main equations governing transmission lines. Different methods to model interconnects are also presented. Moreover, because of the importance of the step response of a system, available methods for finding the step response of interconnects are briefly discussed. Some approximations are also described, which result in faster but not very accurate responses. Delay and noise in integrated circuit connections have been the subject of several investigations for a long time. Since... 

Nowadays one of the main challenges facing fluid dynamics simulations is the long duration of numerical calculations. The goal of this research is to use FPGAs (Field Programmable Gate Arrays) to accelerate fluid dynamics solutions. First, the ability of FPGAs in mathematical operations on floating point numbers is studied. Then, various fluid dynamics problems are implemented on the FPGA hardware, and each one is solved separately. Unsteady 1D Couette problem, 2D potential flow (Laplace equation), incompressible viscous fluid flow over a backward facing step, and compressible inviscid flow over a bump are some of the problems in question. FPGA is an integrated circuit containing a number of... 

Millimeter wave technology may prove to be one of the key technologies of the 21st century, covering a broad range of applications including high-speed telecommunication, wireless sensing, and ultra-fast digital computing. The ultimate (commercial) success of these technologies depends on the ability to integrate mm-wave circuitry on a chip, bringing about significant size and cost reduction. Traditionally, mm-wave systems have made extensive use of waveguides based on hollow- or dielectric-filled metallic cavities for the transfer and processing of signals. Cavity waveguides exhibit very low loss, but are not well-suited to high volume manufacturing or on-chip integration due to their... 

Today as various electronic and telecommunication devices like cell phones and PDAs are being popularized, MMIC technology is gaining a significant importance. One of the priorities of this technology is trying to miniaturize these popular devices. But reducing size of passive microwave components used in these devices requires microwave wavelength to decrease.Components fabricated by conventional deposition techniques aren’t thick enough to reduce the wavelength, so permittivities much higher than those of conventional dielectrics could be a possible solution. Artificial dielectric layers (ADL) can provide such high permittivities.So utilizing these layers can possibly reduce the size of... 

Throughout localization algorithms, sound source localization has received much interest using microphone array. Applications like tracking and determining angle of acoustic signal arrival have been combined with array processing techniques in the previous decade. Distributed micro sensor array have been suggested for a wide range of nowaday’s localization algorithms. The major goals are monitoring the environment, distinction, and pursue some phenomenon. This type of networks can be utilized for military application in tracking acoustic sources. Today’s advancement in technology allows implementation of the ultra low cost and low power integrated circuit for such application in the form of... 

The reliability of integrated circuits (IC) is related to material imperfections such as holes, cavities, cracks and etc. which occur in the manufacturing process. The operational conditions of IC create thermal stresses. These thermal stresses increase the chance of failure by making the imperfections critical in IC’s components such as VIA that is used as connection between interconnects in the multilevel integrated circuits. As a result, thermal fatigue needs to be investigated in VIA thoroughly.
The thermal stresses in VIA increase the possibility of hole forming due to hydrostatic stresses during manufacturing process and the amplitude of applied stresses under the operational... 

Triple Module redundancy (TMR) is a commonly used approach to increase reliability in space applications. Applying this method, triple modules and voting circuits are implemented in a field programmable gate array (FPGA). In TMR systems when a single event upset (SEU) occurs, the voting circuit neglects the failure value of a module receiving the SEU and takes a correct value from the other two modules. The present TMR approach utilized for the combinational and sequential logic on the gate level shows that it is possible to write hardware description language (VHDL) code in a structured yet high level coding style to obtain the required redundancy. However using VHDL, the level of required... 

Today's latest technology integrated circuits are manufactured for a wide range of applications. With the constant increase in the usage rate of integrated circuits, designing a high reliable system is of utmost importance. The avoidance of counterfeit components is a major challenge of hardware security and trust. Counterfeit components cause lower performance and reduced life span. They are of great concern to the manufacturers and consumers of electronic systems, impacting the security and reliability of these systems. If these parts end up in critical applications like medical systems, satellites, aerospace, or power plants, the results could be catastrophic. So far, there are different... 

Reconfigurable devices are a popular platform invarious computational fields due to having high performance and flexibility and low non-recurring engineering cost. Generous flexibility of Look-up Tables (LUTs) in implementing arbitrary functions comes withsignificant area and performance overheads as compared with their Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) equivalent. One approach to alleviate such overheads is to use less flexible logic elements capable to implement majority of logic functions. In this thesis, we first investigate the most frequently used functions in standard benchmarks and then design a set of less-flexible but area-efficient logic cells, called Hard Logics... 

Nowadays integrated circuits are extremely vulnerable to hardware trojans (HT). Hardware trojans can be injected into the ICs in design or fabricate phase, and damage system’s functionality or security. In this thesis, we first describe hardware trojan definition, classification and types of HTs, negative effects, detection ways and analysis of them. Then we propose a new solution in order to solve the negative points of previous methods