Sharif Digital Repository

Oil and gas industries are always considered as one of the most polluting industries in the world. Many pollutants are emitted from the industry into the environment every year. Equipment’s leak and flaring off additional gases produced by various processes of oil and gas production are the main sources of waste in these industries. In order to control these hazardous wastes, it is necessary to provide effective solutions and make appropriate decisions so policymakers will be able to implement policies in order to reduce the emissions of air pollutants. In order to reduce the emissions, it is necessary to conduct the correct and reliable methods and have sufficient information about the... 

This study aims to estimate the emission rate of Volatile Organic Components (VOCs) and hazardous air pollutants from the surface of evaporation ponds in oil and gas upstream industries. With respect to the irrecoverable consequences of such emissions, the emission of air pollutants in the oil and gas upstream industries are alarming. Hence, estimation of the pollutants’ emission and surface pollution monitoring are needed for controlling and decreasing of air pollutants in oil and gas upstream industries and also presenting and performing suitable and efficient solutions. The studied ponds in this research include 4 ponds in the oil and gas upstream industries which have been used for... 

Every year, air pollution is causing immense harm to humans and the environment. To cause Air pollution, several factors are involved. Among these are the sources of emissions such as factories, power plants and Cars, meteorological factors such as temperature and wind speed and geographical conditions such as altitude, postal and looming around the area, land slope and soil type region. The aim of this study is to identify factors that affect the ozone concentration in Tehran, which could help identifying other secondary pollutants. For this purpose, a combination tailored to the geography of Tehran using CMAQ-WRF-SMOKE-made programs. This model includes four intervals each of which lasting... 

Focus of the present research is on the study and cognition of sources of carbonaceous compounds present in PM2.5, particularly secondary organic carbon. For this purpose, two different approaches were used. The first approach investigates the SOA formation from internal combustion engines exhaust and unburned fuel (bottom-up approach). The second approach studies the contribution of each of the primary and secondary sources to PM2.5 mass, whereby secondary organic carbon share is obtained (top-down approach). Modeling SOA formation from vehicles exhaust showed that diesel vehicles have greater SOA formation potential than gasoline vehicles, due to large amount of S/IVOCs present in their... 

Combustion sources such as diesel vehicles are the most of the particular matter sources in ambient air. Near the tailpipe, exhaust is very hot, condense and have high velocity. This properties cause to need special methods and instrument to collect them. Numerously of combustion sources will emitted the VOCs, IVOCs, and SVOCs. This component mixed with ambient air and changing to particle phase from gas phase. Reaction between nitrogen oxides with sunlight cause to damage ozone layer and tissue in long time. Furthermore, breathe of VOCs gases cause to eye irritation, gastrointestinal effects, Damage to the nervous system, headache, dizziness, fatigue, vibration and loss of organ... 

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) has harmful environmental and health effects and appropriate processes are needed to remove them from industrial and indoor environments. In this study, formaldehyde as one of the most toxic VOCs was investigated. Various methods have been developed to remove formaldehyde, however due to the to their low removal efficiencies, secondary pollution, and low energy efficiency, development of alternative methods will be beneficial. In recent years, the use of a combination of non-thermal plasma and catalyst technologies, called plasma-catalytic hybrid reactors, has provided significant results in the fields of chemical synthesis and removal of pollutants. In the... 

In recent years, the reductive dehalogenation of the chlorinated hydrocarbons using nanoscale zerovalent iron (nZVI) represents a promising approach for underground remediation. Regarding commercialization of this technique, instability and unknown nature of nZVI particle are still challenging tasks that should be considered.
In the current work, Nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) and palladized iron (Pd/Fe) bimetallic particles were synthesized and employed to react with chlorinated compound (PCE) in water to investigate its degradation behaviors. The results show that the reactant ratio, stabilizer amount and temperature are the main parameters with the considerable effect on PCE... 

Due production and use of large amount of chemical and emissions of pollutants in air, detection and control of these compounds are necessary. One of the common methods to detect these pollutants in the ambient is using metal oxide semiconductor sensors. However, these types of sensors suffer from low selectivity toward a certain compound in the mixture of different gas components. In this study, the object was to investigate the effect of different amount of CNTs on performance of tin oxide to improve their selectivity for detection of 50 ppm of hydrogen sulfide at low temperature. To perform the study, nanoparticles of pure tin oxide and SnO2 base hybrids containing 0.25wt%, 0.5wt%, 2.5wt%... 

Volatile organic compounds are major cause of air pollution. In this work, Nano porous material named MIL-101(Fe), MIL-53(Fe), MIL-101(Fe) and MIL-88(Fe) as an adsorbent for the removal of ethyl benzene have been synthesized hydrothermally. The materials were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, Surface Analysis Systems (ASAP), and x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Adsorption isotherms of ethyl benzene on the materials were measured experimentally in case of 0-1000ppm concentration of ethyl benzene in air and pressure 1 atmosphere. The mixture of air and VOC (ethyl benzene) with concentration of 100, 250, 500 and 1000 ppm and flow rate of 400, 1030, 1525 and 2025... 

In this study, In order to reduce volatile organic component (benzene, toluene, xylene and ethyl benzene) some appropriate nanostructures were used. First the appropriate nano structures were identified, then modified and optimized and finally characterized by XRD, SEM, ASAP. Appropriate nano adsorbent such as nano active carbon, single wall and multi wall nano carbon tubs , nano fiber carbon, graphene oxide, aluminum oxide particles, nano-zinc oxide , titanium oxide particles, 13x zeolite and extruded nano carbon tubes, were prepared and optimized, than evaluated from perspective of the crystal structure, surface area and porosity. nano active carbon, single wall and multi wall nano carbon... 

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) have become an important source of air pollution due to their extended use as solvents in many industrial processes. Aliphatic and aromatic VOC removal from contaminated air can be achieved by a variety of methods including catalytic oxidation, adsorption, and biological treatment. Catalytic oxidation is often the preferred process due to its low cost and high efficiency. Supported transition metal catalysts are effective and inexpensive catalysts for VOC removal from contaminated air. The objective of this project was to prepare low cost transition metal catalysts (Fe, Ni, Co, and Cu) supported on alumina for catalytic oxidation of cyclohexane (as a... 

Odor caused by the release of volatiles from refinery waste, causing environmental pollution and health hazards may occur. Refinery wastewater project in Saeakhs (Khangiran) has been studied. Contaminated water in evaporation ponds at the plant accumulates due to the large volume of incoming water and slow evaporation in summer the water will smell unpleasant. Odor from the ponds due to wind scattered around the refinery and residents will be put at risk. Several tests to identify the source of the odor was designed and implemented. Among these methods, microalgae growth, the import of oil products such as aromatic compounds or mercaptans, and bacterial growth, for each of the hypotheses... 

Nowadays, increased pollutants in the air threat the society health condition and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) are the most hazardous ones among them. In the present study, catalytic oxidation as a prominent of the VOCs removal method from air, have attracted attentions due to high removal efficiency and suitable kinetic reaction. Because of its common industrial applications, toluene is intended to be eliminated through a low cost carbon supported catalyst which is synthesised in the laboratory. Construction method, carbonaceous support type, catalyst metal and its load, calcination temperature and time are among influencing design characteristics. A combination of Impregnation and... 

In this thesis first of all we investigate phase noise and it's generation factors. Then we design and implement an ultra low phase noise oscillator. To do this, an ultra low phase noise oscillator which is tunable in 1-2GHz with 100MHz steps will be designed. The outline of the circuit is as follows: at the first we design a VCO which is ultra low phase noise and mechanically tunable in 1-2GHz by means of rotation of a handle. Then a phase locked loop will be built with the help of an ultra low phase noise OCXO at 100MHz and one SPD1 which generates harmonics of OCXO's output frequency. For the next, design and implementation of a 1.6GHz oscillator with fixed output frequency has been done....