Sharif Digital Repository

Aspect ratio dependant optical properties of silver and gold nanorods is responsible for great attention toward controlling the aspect ratio of this class of the nanostructure for their application in variety of area, such as medical diagnosis, drug delivery, biosensing and treatment. In this research, gold and silver nanorods have been synthesized using chemical reducation and growth based on seed mediated method, which is the newest and one of the best methods with less difficulty for producing silver and gold nanorods. Absorption of the visible light by gold and silver nanorods results in appearing the longitudinal and transverse Plasmon bands in their absorption spectra which is related... 

If we accept that there is a thing called “religious Science”, then we should accept that, all of its scientific elements should be based on, or be compatible with religion (in its general meaning). So, here is the question: Is there a particular “religious methodology” required for the “religious science”? Does “religious”, as an adjective also applies to methodology of science? Anyway, if we want to generate “religious science” based on religious foundations, we should characterize our position about “methodology of religious science”. Negligence of this important subject would cause a theoretical vacuum in discussions about religious science. In this thesis, after explaining some general... 

Polychlorinated Biphenyls are a class of organic compounds that are composed of two biphenyl rings attached by 1-10 chlorine atoms. Due to their specific properties, such as physical and chemical stability, flame resistance, and dielectric properties, these compounds are used as dielectric liquids, heat-exchange fluids, hydraulic liquids, plastifiers, and especially as Askarel oil in power plant transformer. Because of their high persistency in the environment, high toxicity, and bioaccumulation in the adipose tissue of humans and animals, their production is banned in most countries, and their use has been limited. There are different methods for detoxification of these compounds, and in... 

Dealing with complicated organizational situations in the current competitive and uncertain market requires making the best management decisions at the earliest time possible. As making the best decisions requires the possession of adequate and accurate knowledge, knowledge has become the most valuable asset of organizations. Knowledge Management (KM) spans managing the identification, capture, storage, sharing, usage and creation of knowledge. Using an appropriate Knowledge Management System (KMS) can ensure the provision of essential knowledge for decision making, and can manage the complexity of the competitive market by maintaining and managing the relevant organizational knowledge.... 

In today’s methodical corporate world, processes have been recognized as valuable organizational knowledge assets. Situational Method Engineering (SME) processes are considered particularly valuable because of their effectiveness in building context-specific software processes for developing efficient software systems; thus, they indirectly affect all software-dependent organizational knowledge assets, including organizational processes. It is therefore logical to deduce that managing SME knowledge would improve the efficiency of both SME and organizational processes. Unfortunately, existing SME processes suffer from weaknesses that are rooted in loss of knowledge within method engineering... 

Xanthan gum is a water-soluble exo-polysaccharide. It is produced industrially from carbon sources by fermentation using the gram-negative bacterium Xanthomonas campestris. There have been various attempts to produce xanthan gum by fermentation method using bacteria and yeast by using various cheap raw materials. In this study the cultural conditions for xanthan gum production by Xanthomonas campestris were investigated and optimized by response surface methodology, to maximize cell and xanthan production in batch experiments using YM broth without pH control. The individual and interactive effects of three independent variables (carbon source concentration (40-80 g/l), nitrogen source... 

Textile industry wastewaters are one of the important sources of environmental contamination because they produce large quantities of highly colored effluents. In recent years, use of advanced oxidation processes by producing highly active and reactive components such as hydroxyl radicals has been proposed. In this study, two oxygenated photocatalytic systems including UV/ZnO and UV/TiO2 were examined for degradation of C.I. reactive orange 16 dye as a typical organic pollutant in textile effluents. A thin gap annular photoreactor was designed and applied for the experiments. The photoreactor provided large surface area exposed to UV light, where in the solution layer renewal on the UV... 

Offering software in the form of web services has gained great popularity due to the evolution of cloud architectures. REpresentational State Transfer (REST) comprises a set of rules and practices that provide simple and comprehensible APIs, clear representational structures, and scalable services for use in web engineering. Due to the simplicity and scalability of the REST architecture, it has become increasingly popular among web-service developers. Among the architectures used in web service design (REST, WSDL, SOAP), REST is the most common; it has significantly changed how systems are developed based on web services. Model-Driven Development (MDD) can facilitate the construction of... 

The enzyme L-Asparaginase (L-asparagine amidohydrolase, EC 3.5.1.1) has been thoroughly researched by many researchers worldwide because of its immensely useful medical applications. It can catalyze the hydrolysis of L-asparagine to L-aspartic acid and ammonia that is effective for the cure of leukemia, especially for puerile Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia [ALL] and Lymphosarcomas. The present study discusses the studies carried out for the optimal production of the enzyme from Escherichia coli ATCC 11303. For extraction of the intracellular enzyme, Sonication is more useful method for cell disruption than alkali lysis and enzymatic method. We improved Luria Bertani (LB) media (tryptone 1% w/v,... 

Penicillin G Acylase is the key enzyme in producing semi-synthetic antibiotics such as Ampicillin and Amoxicillin. In this study, we used E.coli ATCC 11105 in order to produce it. This enzyme was an intracellular one which was produced under suitable conditions. Crude enzyme was released after cell disruption by ultrasonic waves (sonication method) and was partially purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation. Immobilization is investigated at different pHs around the iso-electric pH of Penicillin G Asylase enzyme. Therefore, optimum pH and optimum concentration of ammonium sulphate cuts were determined. Also immobilization process of this enzyme was studied on chitosan polymer, activated by... 

Education has become a crucial issue worldwide, and it needs new techniques and technologies to create and raise interest and motivation towards learning. Serious games are gaining acclaim as viable solutions for enhancing educational processes; Serious games are interactive computer applications that use a challenging and amusing context to transfer a practical skill, knowledge or attitude to their users. Organizations and companies need an effective way for teaching their business processes to their employees. There are many business-related serious games. but few of them focus on business processes, most of which are business-specific and no precise approach is used in their development,... 

The Aspect-Oriented Software Development (AOSD) approach provides a systematic way to identify, modularize, and represent aspects, i.e. crosscutting concerns in software systems. AOSD methods bring a high level of changeability, configurability, and maintainability in the presence of ever-changing users' requirements. Focusing on aspects during early stages of the software development lifecycle has consequently received special attention by many researchers, leading to the advent of numerous AOSD methods. This has accordingly given a relatively high level of maturity to aspect-oriented (AO) processes. Process patterns, on the other hand, have been adopted as suitable mechanisms for defining... 

The emergence of various software development processes with different aspects raises the need to evaluate and measure their capabilities and deficiencies. The evaluation must consider different parameters of software development projects and their similarities, differences and features in the context of existing methodologies; therefore we need criteria that cover these needs. Apart from the research that has been done on analysis and evaluation of software development methodologies and processes, there is a need for a general multi-aspect framework for the evaluation of methodologies with different aspects. Lack of general criteria for covering different aspects and the inadequacy of... 

Homogenous carbonylation of methanol is a major way to acetic acid. In this study central composite design (CCD) at five level (-1.63, -1, 0, +1, +1.63) combined with response surface methodology (RSM) have been applied to optimize carbonylation of methanol using ruthenium promoted iridium catalyst in homogenous phase. The effect of seven process variables including; temperature, pressure, iridium, ruthenium, methyl iodide, methyl acetate and water concentrations as well as, their interactions were modeled. The determined R2 values greater than 0.9 for the rate, methane, carbon dioxide and hydrogen formation data, confirmed quadratic equation properly fitted obtained experimental data. The... 

The adaptive nature of agile processes and their conformance to the turbulent nature of business and organizational environments has been greeted with enthusiasm by both project and stakeholder communities. Through deviating from conventional linear and plan-driven frameworks, Agility aims at accommodating the dynamicity of its target environment at the process level during the project lifecycle. This deviation from standard frameworks confronts process management and project framework activities with key challenges. While existing frameworks and standards provide adequate support for linear process management, the agile approach lacks a coherent framework that defines and outlines process... 

In this study, the response surface methodology (RSM) based on the central composite design (CCD) were used to prepare a polypropylene grafted maleic anhydride (PP-g-MA) microporous flat sheet membrane via thermally induced phase separation (TIPS) method. Mixture of dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and dioctyl phthalate (DOP) were used as diluent. The effect of the polymer composition and coagulation bath temperature on the morphology and performance of the fabricated microporous membranes in a bioreactor (MBR) were investigated. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine which variables and interactions between variables have a significant effect on our responses. The ANOVA revealed that the... 

In this project, the feasibility of hydrocarbon waste water treatment with low concentration by physical- chemical treatment methods will be discussed. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the feasibility of reusing the water outlet of the oil and gas refineries, in the region of ASALUYEH where there is an urgent need for water. By using activated carbon and wooden absorbent (absorption method) efficiency of this method was determined. Both coagulation and flocculation methods were investigated. To design and optimize various operating conditions on the adsorption process the RSM method was used. Temperature, residence time, feed concentration, amount of adsorbent, and adsorbent ... 

Automation of the software development process is the software engineers' final goal, but with the current facilities and knowledge in software engineering, it is not possible to automatically generate the whole software. Usually all the software in a specific domain contain common behaviors, which by careful exploration of these common behaviors and automation of code generation in these sections, the cost and time of projects' execution can be reduced. According to Model Driven Development (MDD), the first step in software development is creating appropriate models. For creating models, metamodel is required; therefore, we need to create a specific motamodel for the chosen domain or use... 

Practitioners and researchers working on Software Development Methodologies (SDM) have always sought for ways to raise the degree of flexibility in SDMs, so that methodologies can be adjusted to specific project situations. Methodology Engineering (ME) approaches are being pursued to this aim, giving rise to Situational Method Engineering (SME). As the pivotal phase of software development, Requirements Engineering (RE) has proved essential in SME; however, SME has a long way to go as to its support for specialized RE practices. The RE practices employed in software engineering seem to provide a rich resource for strategies and techniques that can address this issue, if properly attuned to... 

High-integrity systems are critical, complex software-controlled systems in contexts where the occurrence of failure can severely affect the environment, organization, and/or society. Examples are typically found among safety- critical and mission-critical systems. Typical high-integrity systems are highly hardware-dependant; hence, the rapid rate of hardware technology evolution in these systems demands the development of software systems that keep up with the hardware infrastructure. This necessitates the existence of elaborate software development methodologies which accommodate the volatility of the environment, and properly address the critical features required of the system under...