Sharif Digital Repository

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the Grade 9 students' ability to solve real-life and modelling problems, focusing on proof and reasoning. The study conducted using qualitative method in which, six volunteer students participated. The data collected via eight problems mostly chosen from Chapter 3 of the 9th grade mathematics textbook and using Adobe Connect Platform, because of Covid-19 Pandemic and schools clousure. The data were analyzed using a problem solving framework developed by Mason, Burton and Stacey (2010) including three stages of entry, attack and review. The results showed that considering these three steps, is effective to understand students' problem... 

What is meant by the scientific progress and how can it be explained? In response to this question, four distinct approaches—epistemic, semantic, problem-solving, and Noetic—have been presented. Each of these approaches defines the goal of science in a specific way: the epistemic approach considers the accumulation of scientific knowledge as the goal; the semantic approach views the goal as nearness to truth; the problem-solving approach sees the goal as solving more problems; and the Noetic approach sets the goal as increasing understanding. In this study, each approach is critically examined, and two central claims are made. The first claim asserts that to explain the scientific progress,...