Sharif Digital Repository

The iron and steel industry has faced several challenges during the recent years. There has always been an aspiration towards higher economic profitability for the system. During the mid 1970s and 1980s the energy crises caused a dramatic rise in energy costs, which led to an increased awareness in energy conservation. In recent years, climate change issues have become more important for the industry. The operating practices for an industrial system are often affected by external restrictions concerning the economical, energy and environmental efficiency of the system. There are a large number of ways to increase the system efficiency, e.g. installation of new process equipment, and practice... 

In a single chemical plant, the operation of each unit operation is not independent of each other. In the other hand, the main operations are performed in reactors following by several separation steps including distillation and purification units. The total energy requirements are sullied by the heat exchanger networks. The performance of these systems is improved by integration and intensification of the reactor and distillation column in a single unit. The main objective of the present work is to provide an effective design approach to intensify the reactor and distillation column. In a reactive distillation column, the reaction and separation is done in a single unit. Increasing... 

Nowadays, cement has become the cornerstone of any modern society especially in developing countries. But, cement production process is highly energy intensive and emits significant volumes of carbon dioxide.According to the latest reports, Iranian cement industry accounts for about 14.5% of total industrial sector’s energy consumption and this indicates the importance of sustainable development for cement industry concerning national energy and environmental constraints.Based on these facts, current study assesses the technology improvement opportunities particularly waste heat recovery power generation (WHRPG) technology for Iranian cement industry. This needs identifying optimized mass... 

Different disadvantages associated with using fossil fuels as the main energy source including crisis of wells’ depletion and serious environmental problems, causing by the emission of large quantities of greenhouse gases (GHG), especially carbon dioxide (CO2), has increased attention to replacing them with renewable and clean fuels such as wind, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Hydrogen, as a clean energy carrier, is one of the best fuels in terms of the environment and cost. So, it is recently receiving increasing attention and it may one day replace fossil fuels for various applications such as in automobiles and power stations. The main subject of this thesis was surveying the... 

ECO region is perched near to three main energy sources, namely, Russia, Persian Gulf, and Caspian Sea. In this regards, the ECO members consider their co-operation in three directions, namely Trade, Energy, and Transportation, as their main priority. The main strategy of the ECO organization in energy issue is twofold: 1) to speed-up the optimum usage of energy sources with minimal cost and, 2) enables access to each other's markets and also to the international market. In fact, the energy producer countries as well as the energy transferor countries, both have a close role in the process of production and proffering. The increased dimensions and complexity of inter-related energy system... 

Thermal energy and water in flue gases varies with the type of fuel and thermal conversion system. Flue gas temperature is maintained in the range of 140 (℃) to 200 (℃) and it is subject to the sulfur content of the fuel. Vapor content of the flue gas is in the range of 10%_20% of volumetric flow. Considerable part of vapor may be recovered which can be used as cooling water make up. There are various means and methods for water capture and heat recovery which includes shell-tube heat exchanger among others. Selection of appropriate material and heat exchanger is conditioned by corrosion, temperature of flue gas and it’s economic feasibility. Identification of an optimal design of... 

The Middle-East with its enormous fossil fuel resources is considered as one of the most important regions with regard to the future world energy outlook. The region produced more than 32% and 16% of the world oil and gas, respectively, in 2012 and contains more than 48% of proven oil and 43% of proven gas reserves in the world and with 78 years of reserves-to-production ratio (RPR or R/P) has a key role in global energy provision. However, the energy issues in the region are intensifying. For instance, the fossil resources are pushed to the second half of their life time due to massive exploitation which results in change in production processes and raises the need for energy investment, on... 

Hydro power is a clean energy resource which has numerous advantages over other renewable energy systems including competitiveness with fossil fuel systems, high reliability, considerable potential, and availability of technology. These advantages have drawn attention to hydropower systems. Small Hydro Power (SHP) systems can be used for supplying the demand of rural and remote areas where electricity network rarely exists. SHP may also provide an investment opportunity. Comprehensive analysis of design features and operation of SHP and management of risks involved requires development and application of reliable analytical tools. The present research aims at developing a model for optimal... 

Energy supply system model (ESM) is used as an analytical tool for policy making and optimizing the allocation of energy resources, selecting the best combination of energy carriers and technologies, and also determining required investments for development and operation of energy supply system, in order to meet the useful demand of energy. Although the modeled process in this Bottom-Up mathematical tool has deterministic characteristics, but evolution of exogenous parameters for energy sector have uncertainty which may impact on results of energy model. Limitations of applied methods for application of deterministic energy models under uncertain conditions result that all uncertain... 

Due to the growth of energy consumption the use of new technologies and efficient energy conversion is necessary. An example of efficient energy conversion technology is CCHP (Combined Cooling, Heating and Power). The aim of the present research work is to develop a model that could be applied for optimal design of a hybrid CCHP system which would be Solar Combined Cooling, Heating and Power (SCCHP). In order to do so,microturbine power system, cooling and heating equipment’s such as absorption system and heat exchanger and also solar collector have been considered as an integral part of the system. The objective of the application of the model has been to identify proper sizing of all... 

The exit flue gas temperature of conventional gas fired boiler is generally high and considerable energy is lost to environment. Therefore, new methods are needed to recover water and heat from boiler flue gas in order to reduce overall plant water consumption as well as to increase energy efficiency and mitigate detrimental emissions. This project involved design of a heat and water recovery system including condensing heat exchangers to be used in residential buildings. In this project based on simulation of heat and water recovery system the recoverable amount of heat and efficiency improvement potential at various conditions such as different exit flue gas temperatures and different... 

The energy section has a significant share in the emission of environmental pollutants. Based on the recent investigations about 80 percent of greenhouse gases are emitted into the environment from this sector. This present research has focused on estimating costs of pollution control, using the energy system model. In order to have a better understanding of the relationship between energy and environment, the reference energy system for Guilan Province has been developed; then by having energy demand data, historical capacity data for each technologies and potential of energy resources as well as, the development of provincial energy system has been studied. After the model verification and... 

Waste management is one of the essential and basic utility services in 21st century, especially in rural areas. It includes different environmental, technical, economic, legal and social aspects which need to be considered in levels of waste generation, transport, treatment and disposal. Therefore, considering economic criterion in waste management programs, as the only one criterion, will result in environmental impacts in long-term and impose high costs to the society and the economy overall. The main purpose of this study is to develop a multi-criteria mathematical model, which take into account both economic and environmental criteria in order to present an integrated municipal solid... 

In a steel production plan primary resources entered the process are converted to high value products and byproducts. To this end, resources need to pass several consecutive process that require utility streams. One could not achieve the optimum operation of an industrial process unless they maximize the product and minimize the utility and waste. Therefore, it is important to consider the process stream integrated. The aim of this work is to find the optimum consumption of water and energy in a steel production and to calculate the potential reduction in water and energy resource destruction. Present work could be define a mathematical programing problem in which water users and all streams... 

Environmental and economic scarcity of resources are the most important challenges of industry sector. Iran confronted with lack of sufficient water resources and proper management and faces with drought and its environmental and economic consequences. It is a complicated challenge to provide the water demand without any damage to the ecosystem and it needs to do social, economic and environmental assessments. Wastewater treatment (water recycling) is an alternative option for supplying water demand. Wastewater treatment system (collecting, transportation to the treatment plant, wastewater treatment, and discharge) designed in order to solve hygienic and health issues in first place, but it... 

Energy innovation is essential for tackling climate change. However, an established set of indicators, that can support policy makers in their design of policy mixes, has not been developed for evaluating the performance of energy innovation systems. So, one of the purpose of this study is to list and classify a large set of indicators of the performance of energy innovation systems at sectoral and technological levels. 120 listed indicators are evaluated using four usefulness criteria, demonstrating significant weaknesses in the available indicators. The indicators are also classified according to an innovation process categorization to see if they cover all aspects of an innovation system... 

Industrial parks represent integrated industrial systems where it helps implementing efficient measures for managing natural and fossil fuel resources and their impact on environment quality. In Iran, the most industrial parks have faced serious problems due to the irreversible effects on ecosystems. mass/energy flows management and optimization based on industrial ecology, can lead to minimizing the environmental impacts and to maximizing the value added of industrial parks simultaneously. In the present research, sustainable development in Siri island as Eco-industrial park in Iran has been investigated. The island includes: extraction, separation, operation and transportation of crude oil... 

In line with the energy policies of the country, which is based on the development of the natural gas system, the natural gas transmission sector has also had a significant expansion during this period, especially in recent years. On the other hand, the promotion of energy efficiency has been a major issue in energy policies and programs. Therefore, the necessity of expanding and developing the rational use of energy has been considered more than ever. The use of energy recovery technologies will be an effective step in this regard. Owing to the wide expansion of gas pressure regulating stations in Iran and the high potential losses in pressure relief valves, substituting an expansion... 

The purpose of the present study is to plan an industrial system, over a period of 10 years, so that over time, while supplying the required demand, to optimal resource utilization with regard to material reuse and recovery flows of losses as well as the use of renewable resources move to implement the concept of a circular economy. One of the main incentives for the transition to a circular economy is carbon tax policy, which has been taken into account. The results of the decision-making model based on cost and flow constraints indicate that the use of carbon dioxide as a by-product of Pars Petrochemical Extraction Unit in order to produce urea in Pardis petrochemical industry in addition... 

Buildings are responsible for 40% of total energy consumption worldwide. A significant portion of this energy contributes to building temperature control, and energy storage is an effective way to reduce energy consumption and to levelize the supply of heat load. A solution for reducing energy consumption in the building is to increase the thermal inertia of the building and to store energy using smart materials in the building components. Materials with phase change can stabilize the internal temperature of the building.In the present study, model is exmined with the help of modeling the thermal behavior of a room in Tehran in summer, using MATLAB software. The problem is solved by the...