Sharif Digital Repository

The long term evolution (LTE) standard is introduced and developed by the 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) based on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). OFDM systems, in spite of having many advantages such high performance in bandwidth usage, are very sensitive to inter carrier interference (ICI) as a drawback. In order to prevent ICI, the frequency offset, mainly caused by the miss-match between oscillators' frequency and also between the sampling frequency of the transmitter and the receiver, should be estimated and compensated. Frequency synchronization is a part of the tasks of a synchronizer. In this thesis, main tasks of a synchronizer are illustrated and... 

In this thesis, a hardware is designed and implemented for testing the perfoemance of MIMO communication systems in LTE standard using SCM channel model. This hardware can be used for measuring the BER of 2x2 wireless systems. This hardware is the first channel emulator, with hardware implementation which is using SCM channel model and implementation of a similar one has not been reported.In addition to the implementation of the mentioned channel emulator, a new approach is used for implementing a Gaussian variate generator (GVG) which is implemented on both FPGA and ASIC and shows better characteristics in comparison with the works done in the past. ASIC implementation of this part is done... 

Long Term Evolution (LTE) aims the peak data rates in excess of 300 Mb/s, which may appear to be challenging to achieve due to the existence of some blocks such as the turbo decoder. One efficient approach to achieve this throughput is by parallelizing the Log Maximum a Posteriori (MAP) algorithm in the turbo decoder. In fact, the interleaver is known to be a major challenging part of the turbo decoder due to its need to the parallel interleaved memory access. LTE uses Quadratic Permutation Polynomial (QPP) interleaver, which makes it suitable for the parallel decoding. In this thesis, first, we propose an efficient architecture for the QPP interleaver, called the Add-Compare-Select (ACS)... 

The rapid growth in the health care technology, has made the Body Area Network (BAN) as an attracting topic for research and design development. BAN devices have restrictions on their size and power consumption. Monitoring the respiratory signal is crucial in many medical applications and is normally part of a BAN system. Traditional methods for the respiration measurement are normally based on measuring the volume of air inhaled and exhaled by lungs (like a spirometer) or oxygen saturation in blood. However, these methods have numerous drawbacks including their high cost and limited accessibility. In this thesis, a novel scheme is proposed to derive the respiratory signal from the... 

Massive MIMO is a key enabling technology in the fifth generation (5G) wireless communication systems. In this technology, the base station is equipped with a large number of antennas (e.g. 100-200) and communicates with a relatively smaller number of user terminals. The large number of antennas at the base station, on one hand, has enabled unprecedented improvements in data rate and energy-efficiency, while on the other hand has posed challenges on the practical deployment of this technology.One of these challenges, is the high computational complexity of the baseband processing algorithms, such as precoding, due to the large number of antennas. In this research, we propose a novel ZF... 

Long Term Evolution (LTE), is a standard for wireless communication of high-speed data for mobile phones and data terminals. Increasing the capacity, improved support for mobility and simplified architecture are a number of its goals. As many other standardas LTE uses Multiple Input-Multiple Output (MIMO), which is a system that uses multple antennas in the transmitter and the reciver. LTE has adopted single carrieer-frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) for the uplink multiple access scheme in order to decrease peak to average power ratio (PAPR). In SC-FDMA a discrete Fourier transform (DFT) is performed on the signlas before going through the OFDMA modulation.
A novel... 

Coding information data is one of the ways to prevent noise effect on the information bits, during passing communication channels. Coding data gives the possibility to detect and correct the data in the receiver. The LDPC codes which were first introduced by Gallager in the 1962 are forward error correction codes and can approach the Shannon’s capacity to within hundredths of a decibel.
In this project a modified algorithm for decoding these group of codes is introduced, which can achieve acceptable bit error rate, while it can have better throughput than the same implementations. This algorithm is implemented partial-parallel for IEEE802.11n standard in ASIC. It is shown that, it has... 

After being introduced in 2009, the first fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) scheme has created significant excitement in academia and industry. Despite rapid advances in the last 6 years, FHE schemes are still not ready for deployment due to an efficiency bottleneck. Here we introduce a hardware/software codesign, in fact a hardware accelerator optimized for a class of reconfigurable logic to bring homomorphic encryption schemes one step closer to deployment in real-life applications. The accelerator we present is connected via a fast PCIe interface to a CPU platform to provide homomorphic evaluation services to any application that needs to support blinde computations. Specifically we... 

Massive-MIMO and C-RAN are the two technologies which will be among most important parts of fifth generation (5G) stsrems. They will find widespread uses in future years. However, data transfer rate between these two technologies is a challenging problem. Also channel estimation is crucial in massive-MIMO systems. In this research, the problem of estimating the channel and the problems with the data transfer rate between these two technologies are investigated. We propose using 1-bit quantizers to solve the rate problem and also an algorithm with perfect performance in aspect of error rate is proposed. The mentioned algorithm is implemented on GPUs, which are available at C-RANs and resulted... 

Today, telecommunication links transmit information wirelessly at high rates; The transmission channel is not ideal and the transmitted signal undergoes changes in the channel and then reaches the receiver; Also, the processing blocks in the transmitter and receiver are not completely similar and ideal; These two factors make it difficult for the receiver to recover the transmitted information and actually receives a signal that bears little resemblance to the transmitted signal. The most important effect that the channel has on the transmitted signal is due to the multi-path of the channel between the transmitter and the receiver, which causes a signal to reach the receiver through the... 

Continuous Blood Pressure monitoring can provide invaluable information about individuals’ health conditions. However, BP is conventionally measured using inconvenient cuff-based instruments, which prevents continuous BP monitoring. This work presents an efficient algorithm, based on the Pulse Arrival Time (PAT), for the continuous and cuff-less estimation of the Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP), Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP), and Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) values. The proposed framework estimates the BP values through processing vital signals and extracting two types of features, which are based on either physiological parameters or whole-based representation of vital signals. Finally, the... 

This thesis addresses cuff-less blood pressure (BP) estimation, for systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) estimation with the aid of the processing of vital signals. Both with and without calibration per person approaches for BP estimation are considered. A data acquisition hardware is designed for high-resolution sampling of phonocardiogram (PCG), Photoplethysmogram (PPG) and electrocardiogram (ECG). Using these signals, pulse transit time (PTT) and pulse arrival time (PAT) indexes, which would be used for BP estimation with calibration, are extracted. For the BP estimator model using the calibration, A nonlinear model based on PTT or PAT, via modeling the vessels... 

Recently, there has been an increasing trend towards the use of millimeter-wave (MMW) imaging in various detection applications. This is mainly due to two factors: first, the radiation in the MMW band (30–300 GHz) is nonionizing and safe to use and second, it is able to penetrate through most dielectric materials as well as poor weather conditions, such as smoke and fog. With these potentials, MMW imaging has been used in a variety of applications, including target surveillance and precision target imaging, safe aircraft landing, highway traffic monitoring in fog, remote sensing for civil applications and concealed threat object detection for security concerns. Moreover, it can also find... 

Ever increasing demand for higher data rate in wireless communication in the face of limited or underutilized spectral resources has motivated the introduction of cognitive radio for dynamic access to spectrum. In dynamic spectrum access a new type of users called secondary users measure the spectrum to see if it is occupied by licensed users (primary users or PU). When channel is empty secondary users can use it to transmit signal. This approach is called spectrum sensing. Hidden PU problem can severely defect detection ability of non-cooperativ spectrum sensing systems. Cooperative spectrum sensing (CSS) uses spatial diversity of spectrum sensors to tackle this problem. There are two kinds... 

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) are third generation of neural networks. Similar to traditional neural networks, SNNs are comprised neurons. However, not only structure but also information processing is inspired by animal neural systems. SNNs can be called the most similar networks to animal neural systems. In such networks, the information is processed based on propagation of spike signals through the network. The type of data flow in these networks leads to being low-power when they are implemented on hardware. Therefore,there has been a upward trend in hardware implementation of them, like their FPGA implementations, for applications such as Big Data and Machine Learning. In this thesis,... 

Computerized tomography (CT) is a powerful tool among existing bioimaging techniques for capturing bio-images. In fact, CT imaging systems have attracted great attention in the last decades, because of their fast and high-quality reconstruction, low complexity and low-cost hardware solutions. In a CT scan procedure, linear sensors receive x-ray radiations, passed through the patient’s body and The quality of the reconstructed image is essentially influenced by the number of captured line projections. Nevertheless, gathering the adequate amount of data requires the patient to being exposed to X-ray radiations for a long time. However, the intensification of x-ray radiations could lead to... 

Nowadays, millimeter-wave imaging is widely used in security and medical applications. The growing threat from terrorist attacks is driven research on novel ways to enhance security inspection systems. Millimeter-wave imaging not only is an effective option of penetrating into dielectric materials including cloth, but also provides suitable imaging resolution. Moreover, millimeter-wave imaging is capable of identifying different materials making it a promising option for concealed weapon detection. In spite of X-ray, millimeter-wave imaging is non-ionizing, allowing for non-invasive imaging. In this thesis, first we investigate different millimeter-wave imaging systems and reconstruction... 

One of the most important alternative technologies in the field of security monitoring is millimeter-wave imaging technology, which is a good alternative both for performance and cost-effectiveness. Conventional security monitoring techniques use optical images or metal detectors to control people in crowded, sensitive places, but with the help of electromagnetic waves, these technologies can be obtained. This way, metal and non-metallic objects hidden inside clothing, bags or shoes can also be detected that are not identifiable by conventional security-control methods. This thesis examines the implementation of an improved algorithm for automatic detection of objects in millimeter-wave... 

Increasing advances in millimeter-wave imaging have given the new technology a special place in military and civilian activities. A very important advantage of this imaging system, which has led to its rapid development and growth, is that unlike methods such as X-ray imaging, the millimeter-wave signal is completely harmless to the human body. Because millimeter-wave imaging is non-ionizing, allowing for non- invasive imaging. Also, the millimeter-wave easily passes through human clothing and is reflected when it hits the human body, metal and ceramic objects, and some other objects. As a result, it can be used to photograph underwear, insensitive and safe places such as airports. In this... 

Millimeter waves provide an effective opportunity to improve vision and imaging in addition to systems based on visible light, X-rays, and infrared, and researchers have paid special attention to the field of millimeter waves to develop imaging. The spectrum of millimeter waves is in the frequency between 30GHz and 300GHz, which is equivalent to the wavelength in free space, between 1 and 10mm. The advantage of millimeter waves is that it works well in different weather conditions. Also, these millimeter waves have the ability to pass through clothing and provide a suitable level of resolution in reconstructed images and provide a suitable ability to separate different materials from each...