Loading...
| Friend's email | |
| Your name | |
| Your email | |
| enter code | |
This page was sent successfuly
- Type of Document: M.Sc. Thesis
- Language: Farsi
- Document No: 43328 (09)
- University: Sharif University of Technology
- Department: Civil Engineering
- Advisor(s): Pak, Ali
- Abstract:
- Sand production in petroleum industry is a phenomenon of solid particles being produced together with reservoir fluid. This phenomenon is costing industry billions of dollars every year. Corrosion of the pipelines and other instruments, sand-oil separation cost, possible wellbore choke and repeated shut-in and clean-up of the wellbore are some of examples of the costs. On the other hand, a controlled sanding or even sand production invocation has proved to be very effective in increasing production rate, especially in heavy oil recovery, asphalt wells and low PI wells. Discovering the best sand controlling procedure in oil extracting wells, parameters that have the most important effects on this phenomenon, and understanding the mechanisms of sand production were the challenges of oil industry from its birth, and Up to now, these challenges are not totally solved. Sand production occurs in sandstone formations, and since a number of Iran's oil wells are of this kind. This is also one of theIran's oil industry's issues. This thesis is about studying sanding problem in oil extracting wells by numerical modeling. Sanding phenomenon can be divided into two stages: rock failure and dislodge of grains into the wellbore by seepage forces. The first stage is dealt with a solid mechanics type analysis, failure criteria and studying the geomechanical behavior of formation and the second stageis handled using fluid mechanics analysis. In this study, the problem is solved in a fully coupled manner. It means that, interaction of fluid transport and formation displacements have been analyzed by considering interactive effects. The FDM-based FLAC sofrware is used for numerical modellings and the porousmedium is considered fully saturated and with two phases (solid and fluid). The problem is modeled in 2D or 3D (axisymmetrical). After examining different sanding criteria, a new criteria which could favorably predict the reservoir's behavior and sanding phenomenon, is offered. Also some of the parameters affecting sand production are studied. These parameters are: effects of perforation and casing, oil production rate, in-situ stresses, reservoir's rock's mechanical properties, and the suitable constitutive models.
- Keywords:
- Numerical Modeling ; Oil Wells ; Sand Production ; Sanding Criteria
Digital Object List-
محتواي پايان نامه - view
Bookmark- فصل 1. مقدمه و کلیات
- فصل 2. مهندسی مخازن نفتی و مباحث ژئوتکنیکی آن
- 2-1. مقدمه
- 2-2. اکتشاف نفت
- 2-3. حفاری
- 2-3-1. حفاری کابلی
- 2-3-2. حفاری دورانی
- 2-4. مهندسی بهره برداری و برداشت
- 2-5. مهندسی مخزن
- 2-5-1. بررسی خواص محیطهای متخلخل و حرکت سیال در آن
- 2-5-2. رفتار فازی هیدروکربورها
- 2-5-3. طبقه بندی مخازن وسیالات آنها
- 2-5-4. ارزیابی و تعیین خواص مخزن
- 2-5-5. مدلسازی عددی مخازن نفتی
- فصل 3. مرور مطالعاتی
- 3-1. مقدمه
- 3-2. بررسیهای آزمایشگاهی
- 3-2-1. آزمایش (Bianco and Halleck , 2001)
- شکل(3-1) سلول تک محوری(سمت راست) و سلول استوانه ای (سمت چپ) مورد استفاده در آزمایش (Bianco and Halleck , 2001)
- شکل(3-1) سلول تک محوری(سمت راست) و سلول استوانه ای (سمت چپ) مورد استفاده در آزمایش (Bianco and Halleck , 2001)
- شکل(3-1) سلول تک محوری(سمت راست) و سلول استوانه ای (سمت چپ) مورد استفاده در آزمایش (Bianco and Halleck , 2001)
- 3-2-2. آزمایش (R.Risnes, 1981)
- 3-2-3. آزمایش (Hall and Harissburger, 1970)
- 3-2-4. آزمایش (Nouri, et al., 2004)
- 3-2-5. آزمایش (Kooijman, et al., 1996)
- 3-2-6. آزمایش (Kooijman, et al., 1992)
- 3-2-7. آزمایش (Tremblay, et al., 1999)
- 3-2-1. آزمایش (Bianco and Halleck , 2001)
- 3-3. مطالعات میدانی
- 3-4. مطالعات عددی
- فصل 4. مبانی تئوریک تولید ماسه در چاههای نفتی
- 4-1. مقدمه
- 4-2. ماسه سازی و کنترل آن
- 4-3. مبانی تئوریک مساله ماسه سازی
- 4-3-1. مرحله اول: تسلیم سنگ
- شکل(4-2) تغیرات تنشهای موثر مماسی و قائم بعد از اعمال افت سطح آزاد سیال به اندازه واحد با فرض الاستیسته- (Nouri, et al., 2003 b)
- شکل(4-3) تغییرات تنشهای موثر قائم و مماسی بعد از اعمال افت سطح آزاد سیال به اندازه واحد در محیط الاستو پلاستیک- (Nouri, et al., 2003 b)
- شکل(4-4) تغییرات تنشهای موثر بعد از اعمال افت واحد فشار ناشی از تخلیه سیال در محیط الاستیک
- شکل(4-5) تغییرات تنشهای موثر بعد از اعمال افت فشار به اندازه واحد ناشی از تخلیه سیال در محیط الاستو پلاستیک
- شکل(4-6) تغییرات تنشهای موثر بعد از اعمال افت فشار به اندازه واحد ناشی از تخلیه سیال و افت سطح آزاد سیال در محیط الاستیک
- شکل(4-7) تغییرات تنشهای موثر بعد از اعمال افت فشار به اندازه واحد ناشی از تخلیه سیال و افت سطح آزاد سیال در محیط الاستوپلاستیک
- 4-3-2. مرحله دوم: حرکت دانه ها به داخل چاه با نیروهای تراوش
- 4-3-1. مرحله اول: تسلیم سنگ
- 4-4. مروری بر مدلهای مفهومی ارائه شده
- 4-5. مسائل مربوط به مدلسازی عددی فرآیند ماسه سازی
- فصل 5. نرم افزار و مدلهای رفتاری مورد استفاده
- فصل 6. آزمایشهای مورد بررسی در مدلسازی
- 6-1. آزمایش اول: مدلسازی دو بعدی ماسه سازی چاه در نیمرخ قائم
- 6-1-1. شرح آزمایش
- 6-1-2. مدلسازی عددی
- 6-1-2-1. مشبندی
- 6-1-2-2. مدل رفتاری مورد استفاده
- 6-1-2-3. معیار ماسه سازی
- 6-1-2-4. نتایح بدست آمده و مقایسه نتایج
- شکل(6-5) تغییرات ماسه سازی و فشار محوری و شعاعی اعمال شده در برابر کرنش محوری- (Nouri, et al., 2004)
- شکل(6-6) تغییرات ماسه تولید شده و فشار آب وارد شده در مرز خارجی در برابر کرنش محوری - (Nouri, et al., 2004)
- شکل(6-7) مقایسه نتایج آزمایشگاهی و عددی برای ماسه سازی و فشار محوری در برابر جابه جایی محوری- (Nouri, et al., 2004)
- 6-2. آزمایش دوم: مدلسازی دو بعدی چاه افقی به صورت مقطع عرضی
- 6-3. آزمایش سوم: مدلسازی دو بعدی آزمایش بزرگ مقیاس چاه با لوله جدار و مشبک کاری
- 6-3-1. شرح آزمایش
- شکل(6-13) سلول چتدمحوری اعمال فشار- (Kooijman, et al., 1992)
- شکل(6-14) سیتم اعمال فشار سیال - (Kooijman, et al., 1992)
- شکل(6-15) بلوک بازشده نشان دهنده سیمان، لوله جدار و شکافهای ایجاد شده - (Kooijman, et al., 1992)
- شکل(6-16) شکاف قبل از آزمایش و قالب خمیری تهیه شده از شکاف بزرگ شده بعد از آزمایش - (Kooijman, et al., 1992)
- شکل(6-17) نسبت حجم اولیه، به حجم نهایی بعد از آزمایش شکافهای چاه - (Kooijman, et al., 1992)
- 6-3-2. مدلسازی عددی
- 6-3-1. شرح آزمایش
- 6-1. آزمایش اول: مدلسازی دو بعدی ماسه سازی چاه در نیمرخ قائم
- فصل 7. مدلسازی عددی و بحث روی نتایج بدست آمده
- 7-1. معیار رخداد ماسه سازی و روند مدلسازی عددی آن
- 7-2. نتایج مدلسازی با استفاده از معیار ارائه شده
- 7-3. بررسی پارامترهای موثر بر ماسه سازی
- 7-3-1. اندازه حفره
- 7-3-2. اثرتفاوت فشار سیال در مخزن و در چاه یا دبی تولید
- 7-3-3. تنشهای درجا در مخزن
- جدول(7-6) نرخ ماسه سازی و نسبت المانهای تسلیم شده در اثر کشش و برش در سطح تنشهای درجای مختلف
- شکل(7-15) ماسه سازی از اطراف چاه افقی
- شکل(7-16) شکل سمت راست هندسه اولیه چاه، شکل سمت چپ هندسه چاه در آخرین مرحله مدلسازی- تنشهای درجای آزمایش
- شکل(7-17) شکل سمت راست هندسه اولیه چاه، شکل سمت چپ هندسه چاه در آخرین مرحله مدلسازی- تنشهای درجای دو برابر
- 7-3-4. خصوصیات مکانیکی سنگ مخزن
- 7-3-5. اثر تعبیه لوله جدار و مشبک کاری در چاه
- 7-3-6. اثر انتخاب مدل رفتاری مورد استفاده در مدلسازی
- 7-3-7. اثر انتخاب معیار ماسه سازی
- فصل 8. نتیجه گیری و پیشنهادات
- منابع و مراجع
- 1. A. Ghassemi and A.Pak. "Coupled Lattice Boltzman- Discrete Element Method for Numerical Modeling of Sand Production." Barcelona, Spain: Proceedings of II International, 2011.
- 2. Adeyanju and Oyekunle. "Experimental Studies of Sand Production from Unconsolidated Sandstone Niger-Delta." SPE 151008 (2011).
- 3. Al-Awad, Musaed N.J., Abdel Alim H. El Sayed, and Saad El-Din M. Desouky. "Factors Affecting Sand Production from Unconsoldated Sandston Saudi Oil and Gas Reservoir." (King Saud Ubiversity) 1998.
- 4. Antheunis, D., J. Geertsma, and P.B Vriezen. "Mechanical Stability of Perforation Tunnels In Friable Sandstones." 31th Annual Pert. Mech. Engr. Conf. of the ASME . Mexico City, 1976.
- 5. Antheunis, D., P.B. Vriezen, Schipper B.A., and van Der Vlis A.C. "Perforation Collapse: Failure of Perforated Friable Sandstones." European Spring Meeting. Amesterdam: SPE, 1976b.
- 6. Austin, University of Texas At. A Dictionary For Petroleum Engineering (second edition). Texas: The University of Texas At Austin, 2011.
- 7. Barril and Gray. "Controlling Sand Production in High Rate Gas Wells." (World Oil) 1983: 52-56.
- 8. Bianco and Halleck . "Mechanisim Of Arch Instability and Sand Production in Two Phase Saturated Poorly Consolidated Sandstones." (SPE European Formation Damage Conference) 68932 (2001).
- 9. Bourgoyne Jr., Adam T., Keith K. Millheim, Martin E. Chenvert, and F.S. Young Jr. Applied Drilling engineering. SPE, 1986.
- 10. Boutt, D.F., B.K Cook, and J.R. Williams. "A coupled Fluied-solid model problems in geomechanics: Application to sand production." (Int. J. for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics) 35 (2011): 997-1018.
- 11. C.A.M., Veeken, Davies, and Kenter D.R. "Sand Production Prediction Review: Developing an Integrated Approach." 66th Annual Tech. Conf. Dallas, Texas: SPE, 1991.
- 12. Chavent and Jaffre. Mathematical Models and Finite Elements For Reservoir Simulation. The Netherlands: Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., 1986.
- 13. Chen, Z. Formulations and numericl methods for the black-oil model in porous media. 2000.
- 14. Coutes and Denoo. "Mechanical Properties Program Using Borehole Analysis, and Mohr's Circle." SPW. La: Annual Loggin Symposium, 1981.
- 15. Dake, L.P. Fundementals of Reservoir Engineering. Netherlands: ELSEVIER, 1998.
- 16. Durrett, J.L, W.T. Golbin, J.W. Murray, and R.E. Tighe. "Seeking a Solution to Sand Control." (JPT) 1977: 1664-1674.
- 17. Edvards, D.P, Y . Shamra, and A Charon. "Zones of Sand Production Identified by Long-derived Mechanical Propertises: A Case Study." SPWLA 8th European Formation Evaluation Symposium. London, 1983.
- 18. Edwards, D., H.Joranson, and J.Spurlin. "Field Normalization of Formation Mechanical Properties." SPWLA. 29th Anual Logging Symposium, 1988.
- 19. Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua Manual. Itasca, FLAC Version 7.0 Manual.
- 20. Fay, Mathew, et al. "Integrated Field Study of Heavy Oil Reservoirs using Integrated Geophysics, Geochemistry, and Numerical Modeling Techniques." (CSPG CSEG) 2007.
- 21. G.Volonte, F.Scarfato, and M.brignoli. "Sand production: Apractical fnite element 3D approuch for real field application." SPE. Florence, Italy: SPE international, 2010.
- 22. Geilman, M.B., F.A.L. Dullient, and M.B. Dusseault. "Erosional Creep of Fluid-Saturated Granular Medium." (ASCE) 1223 (1997): 653-659.
- 23. Golan and H.Whitson. Well Performance, second edition. Norway: Norway University of Science and Technology, 1996.
- 24. Green and Willhite. Enhanced Oil Recovery. Richardson, Texas, 1998.
- 25. Guo, Boyun, William C. Lyons, and Ali Ghalambor. Petroleum Production Engineering. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 2007.
- 26. Hall and Harissburger. "Stablity of Sand Arches: A key to Sand Control." (J. Pet Technology) 1970: 821-829.
- 27. Han and Dusseault. "Quantitative Analysis of Mechanisims For Water-Related Sand Production." (SPE Symposium and Exhibition on Formation Damage) 73737 (2002).
- 28. Han, Gang, Keith Shepstone, and et al. "A Comprehensive Study of Sanding Rate From Gas Field: From Reservoir, Completion, Production, to Surface Facilities." (SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition) 2009.
- 29. Heriot-Watt Institute of Petroleum Engineering. Glossary of Terms (Drilling Engineering). Institute of Petroleum Engineering, Heriot-Watt University, 2009.
- 30. Isehunwa and Farotade. "Sand Failure Mechanism and Sanding Parameters in Niger Delta Oil Reservoirs." (International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology) Vol. 2(5), 2010, 777-782 (2010).
- 31. Izgec, Bulemt. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF COMPOSITIONAL AND MODIFIED BLACK-OIL MODELS FOR RICH GAS-CONDENSATE RESERVOIRS WITH VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL WELLS. Texas A & M MSc Thesis, 2003.
- 32. Kharrat, R. Enhanced Oil Recovery. EOR lectures at Sharif University of Technology, 2008.
- 33. Kooijman, A.P., Halleck P.M., Philippus De Bree, and Kenter C.K. " Large-Scale Sand Production Test." SPE, 1992.
- 34. Kooijman, A.P., P.J. Van de Hoek, C.J. Kenter, Z.Zeng, and Khodaverdian. "Horizental Wellbore Stability and Sand Production in Weakly Consolidated Sandstones." (SPE Annual Technical Conference) SPE 36419 (1996).
- 35. Liu and Wan. "Computing Sand Production Under Foamy Oil Flow in porous Media Via Least-Squares Finete Elements." (Finite Elements In Analysis And Design) 42 (2005): 592-601.
- 36. Mamdouh, M. Salama. "Sand Production Mangement." (OTC ) 8900 (1998).
- 37. Metwally and Solank. "Heavy oil reservoir mechanism, Lindbergh and Frog Lake fields, Alberta, Part II: Geomechanical Evaluation." (Int. Heavy Oil Symp) SPE #30249 (1995).
- 38. Metwally and Solanki. Heavy oil reservoir mechanism, Lindbergh and Frog Lake fields, Alberta, Part I: Field Observations and Reservoir Simulation. 47th Ann. Tech. Mtg, 1995.
- 39. Morita and Fuh. "Prediction of Sand Production of a Horizental Well From Sand Production Histories of Perforated Cased Wells." Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. New Orleans, Louisiana: SPE, 1998.
- 40. Morita, N., D.L Whitfill, O.P.Fedde, and T.H.lovik. "Parametric Study of Sand Production Predction." (SPE) 16990 (1989b.).
- 41. Morita, N., D.L.Witfil, I.Massie, and T.W.Knudsen. "Realistic Sand Production Prediction: Numerical Approuch." (SPE) 16989 (1989a).
- 42. Nguyen, P.D., H.J. Fitzpatrick, and G.A. Woodbridge. "Mathematical Developement for Analysis of Gravel Packing Using 3D Numerical Simulation." (Ofshore Technical Conference ) SPE 23792 (1992).
- 43. Nordgren, R.P. "Strength of Well Completions." 18th Symposium onRock mechanics. 1977.
- 44. Nouri and Belhaj . "Reservoir Rock Behavior and Pre Post Collapse During Production." (IPTC) 11657 (2007).
- 45. Nouri, A., E. Kuru, and H. Vaziri. "Elastoplastic Modelling of Sand Production Using Fracture Energy Regularization Method." (JCPT ) 48 No. 4 (2009).
- 46. Nouri, Alireza, Hans Vaziri, Hadi Belhaj, and Rafiqul Islam. "A Comperhensive Approach to Modelling Sanding During Oil Production." SPE Latin American and Caribbean Petroleum Engineering Conference. Trinidad, West indies: SPE International, 2003.
- 47. —. "A Comperhensive Approach to Modelling Sanding During Oil Production." SPE Latin American and Caribbean Petroleum Engineering Conference. Trinidad, West indies: SPE International, 2003 a.
- 48. —. Comprehensive Transient Modeling of sand Production in Horizental Wellbores. Vol. SPE 84500. Denver, Colorado, 2003 b.
- 49. —. "Sand Production Prediction: A New Set of Criteria for Modelling Based on Larg-Scale Transient Experiments and Numerical Investigtion." SPE. Houston,Texas, USA: SPE International, 2004.
- 50. Pak, Ali. Numerical Modeling of Hydraulic Fracturing (PhD Thesis). Alberta: Alberta University, 1997.
- 51. Papamichos and Malmanger. "A Sand Erosion model for Volumetric Sand Production in a North Sea Reservoir." SPE Latin American and Caribbean Petroleum Engineering Conference. Venezuela: SPE, 1999.
- 52. Papanstasiou and Vardoulakis. "Numerical Treatment of Progressive Localisation in Relation to Borehole Stability." (Int. Journal of Numer. Anal. Meth Geomech.) 16 (1992): 389-424.
- 53. Peaceman, Donald W. Fundamentals of Numerical Reservoir Simulation. Elsevier, 1977.
- 54. R.Risnes, Bratly &. "Stability and Failure Arches." (SPE) 1981.
- 55. Reiss, Louis H. The Reservoir Engineering Aspects of fractured Formations. Paris: Technip, 1980.
- 56. Snafilippo, F., M. Brignoli, F.J Giacca, and D. Santarelli. "Sand Production From Prediction To Managment." SPE. The Netherland: SPE Interntional, 1997. SPE 38185.
- 57. Stavropoulou, M., P. Papanastasiou, and I. Vaardoulakis. "Coupled Wellbore Erosion and Stability Analysis." (Int. J. Num. Anal. Methods Geomech) 22 (1998): 749-769.
- 58. Stein, N. "Calculate Drawdown That will Cause Sand Production." World oil. World oil, 1988. 48-49.
- 59. Tremblay, Bernard, George Sedgwick, and Don Vu. "CT Imaging of Wormhole Growth Under Solution-Gas Drive." (SPE Reservoir Eval. & Eng.) Vol. 2, No. 1 (1999).
- 60. Tronvol, J., E. Papamichos, and N. Kessler. "Perforation Cavity Stability: Investigation of Failure Mechanisims." (Geotech. Eng. of Hard Soils-Soft Rocks) 1993: 1683-1693.
- 61. Tronvol, J., m.B. Dusseault, F. Sanfilippo, and F.J. Santarelli. "The Tolls of Sand Managment." (SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition) 71673 (2001).
- 62. Van den Hoek, P.j., Hertogh, Koijman G.M.M, A.P. De Bree, Kenter Ph., and E. Papamichos. "A New Concept of Sand Production Prediction: Theory And Laboratory Experiments." (71th SPE annual Tech. Conf.) 36418 (1996).
- 63. Vardoulakis, I, M. Stavropoulou, and P. Papanastasiou. "Hydromechanical Aspects of the Sand Production Problem." (Transport in Porous Media) 22 (1996): 225-244.
- 64. Vazir and Palmer. "Evaluation of Openhole Cavity Compleion Technique in Coalbed Methane Reservoir." 3rd North American Rock Mechanics Symposium. Cancun, Mexico, 1998.
- 65. Vaziri, H., B. Barree, Y. Xiao, I. Palmer, and M. Kutas. "What is the Magic of Water in Producing Sand?" (SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition) 77683 (2002).
- 66. Vermeer and de Borst. Non-Associated Plasticity For Soils, Concrete And Rock. Vol. 29. Delf, Netherlands: Heron, 1984.
- 67. Wan and Wang. "Modelling Sand Production and Erosion Growth Under Combined Axial and Radial Flow." (J. of Canadian Petroleum Technology) 43 No. 12 (2004).
- 68. Wan, R.G., Y.Liu, and J. Wang. "A Multiphase Flow Approach to Modelling Sand Production Using Finite Elements." (JCPT) 46 No.4 (2007).
- 69. Wang, Y., C.C. Chen, and M.B. Dusseault. "An Integrated Reservoir Model for Sand Production and Foamy Oil Flow During Cold Heavy Oil Production." (SPE International Thermal Operations and Heavy Oil Symposium) 2001.
- 70. Weingarten and Perkins. "Prediction of Sand Production in Gas Wells: Methods and Gulf of Mexico Case Studies." SPE. Washigton D.C: 67th Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, 1995.
- 71. Yim, K., M. B. Dusseault , and L. Zhang. "Experimental study of sand production processes near an orifice." (SPE) SPE 28068 (1994).
- 72. اطمينان, محسن. "مجموعهي گزارشهاي آشنايي با مفاهيم مهندسي نفت(ويرايش سوم)." ISNA.IR. 1388.
- 73. ریاضی, محمد رضا. آشنایی با مهندسی مخزن و نفت. تهران: دانشگاه شریف, 1388.
- 74. فریدون پور و اصغری. مهندسی نفت. تهران: راهیان ارشد1384.