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Flexibility pricing of integrated unit of electric spring and EVs parking in microgrids

Norouzi, M ; Sharif University of Technology | 2022

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  1. Type of Document: Article
  2. DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2021.122080
  3. Publisher: Elsevier Ltd , 2022
  4. Abstract:
  5. Electric spring (ES) as a breakthrough in power electronics has led to a revolution in demand-side management. This paper presents flexible power management (FPM) of a networked microgrid (MG) in the presence of renewable energy sources (RESs) and flexibility sources (FSs). The FSs include the novel topology of the integrated unit of ES with electric vehicles (EVs) parking (IUEE) and incentive-based demand response program (DRP). The proposed FPM model is formulated as an optimization problem that minimizes the difference between the expected energy cost and the expected profit of FSs' flexibility subject to the AC optimal power flow (AC-OPF), RESs, FSs, and MG flexibility constraints. In the proposed model, flexibility pricing is performed for both upward and downward flexibility services in which the expected flexibility profit is proportional to the product of the FSs' flexibility and flexibility incentive price (FIP). Further, this paper uses a stochastic programming to model uncertain parameters associated with load demand, energy prices, maximum RES generation capacity, and EVs’ parameters. Finally, the potential of the proposed FPM model in improving the economic, operational and flexibility conditions of the MG is investigated through implementation of the proposed model on the 32-bus radial MG. © 2021 The Author(s)
  6. Keywords:
  7. Flexibility services pricing ; Flexibility sources ; Integrated unit of electric spring and electric vehicles parking ; Stochastic programming ; Acoustic generators ; Costs ; Electric load flow ; Electric power measurement ; Electric utilities ; Electric vehicles ; Power management ; Profitability ; Renewable energy resources ; Stochastic models ; Stochastic systems ; Uncertainty analysis ; Energy flexibility ; Flexibility service pricing ; Flexibility source ; Flexible power management ; Integrated unit of electric spring and electric vehicle parking ; Microgrid ; Power-electronics ; Renewable energy source ; Service pricing ; Vehicle parking ; Alternative energy ; Demand-side management ; Electric vehicle ; Electrical power ; Incentive ; Pricing policy
  8. Source: Energy ; Volume 239 , 2022 ; 03605442 (ISSN)
  9. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544221023288