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- Type of Document: M.Sc. Thesis
- Language: Farsi
- Document No: 57496 (06)
- University: Sharif University of Technology
- Department: Chemical and Petroleum Engineering
- Advisor(s): Mahani, Hassan; Ayatollahi, Shahaboddin
- Abstract:
- Underground gas storage has been a topic of discussion and investigation in recent decades. In recent years, with the increasing focus on clean energy and the rise in its production, hydrogen has emerged as a potential option for storing this type of energy. However, there are numerous challenges and obstacles to the large-scale commercialization of underground hydrogen storage. The most significant challenges relate to its physical properties and thermodynamic behavior. These challenges necessitate the exploration of alternative candidates for large-scale energy storage alongside hydrogen. In this research, ammonia is examined as a potential energy carrier, and the novel idea of using it for storage in aquifers is being investigated for the first time. Initially, a scientific framework is established to better understand ammonia and its potential for underground storage. This framework addresses various aspects, including the general and specific properties of ammonia, its applications in the present and future, and future economic-statistical considerations concerning ammonia in Iran and globally. In the second part of the research, geochemical simulations of ammonia in a system containing water and rock are conducted under both batch-reaction and dynamic conditions using the software programs ®Phreeqc and ®OpenFOAM. The results obtained from the geochemical simulations conducted with the ®Phreeqc software indicate that the reaction between the rock and the reservoir minerals with the aqueous ammonia solution is limited and therefore does not significantly alter the petrophysical properties. For example, in a normal storage system, the consumption (dissolution) of calcite rock in the reaction with ammonia is less than 0.4 mol%, whereas, for an injection scenario under identical conditions with hydrochloric acid (3.65% by weight), it exceeds 35 mol%. A sensitivity analysis of temperature and pressure in the reservoir was also conducted, showing that temperature has a significant impact on the progression of geochemical reactions, while pressure has a minimal effect. Additionally, by comparing the geochemical effects, it was concluded that sandstone formations are suitable for temperatures between 60 to 120 degrees Celsius, while carbonate formations can be suitable for underground ammonia storage in aquifers at both lower and higher temperatures. Dynamic simulations in a capillary tube and around a calcite grain indicate that the consumption of calcite in the presence of an ammonia aqueous solution is negligible (the change in the surface area of the calcite grain was observed to be on the order of 10−4 percent over ten years of injection), which aligns with the results of the batch reaction state. If the injection rate in the capillary tube increases, the consumption rate of the calcite grain also shows an upward trend (as the Reynolds number increases from 0.0002 to 7.4, the rate of calcite consumption rises from 0.0002 to 0.0014 percent change in surface area compared to the initial surface). Regarding the effect of grain size, as the grain dimensions decrease, the effective surface area for reaction decreases as well, consequently reducing the amount of dissolved calcite in the solution. However, due to the incomplete symmetry of the velocity field, the grain becomes deformed from a circular shape to an almond shape over a long time. At the end of this research, a pathway for the future implementation of ammonia storage is outlined to identify the challenges ahead for its field deployment as a future energy carrier
- Keywords:
- Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) ; PHREEQC Software ; OpenFOAM Software ; Renewable Energy Resources ; New Energies ; Geochemical Effects ; Underground Ammonia Storage ; Pore-Scale Model
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