Sharif Digital Repository

Perovskite solar cells suffer from various instabilities on all time scales. Some of them are driven by light, in particular when employing compounds with mixed halides. Such light soaking effects have been observed to result in performance changes of solar-cell devices. They have also been spectroscopically investigated in detail on films, where the formation of a low-gap iodine-rich phase, seen as a red shift of the PL, has been found to be responsible for a reduced open-circuit voltage. However, studies synchronously examining device performance and its relation to spectroscopy data are scarce. Here, we perform an in operando study, where we investigate the changes of open-circuit voltage... 

Wax deposition inside pipelines is a major concern in oil and gas industries, and it must be continuously monitored. In this paper, a mathematical-experimental combined method based on the Compton scattering was proposed to determine the thickness of the wax deposited inside the industrial pipes. For this purpose, first, the relationship between the intensity of the backscattered gamma-rays and the thickness of the wax inside the pipe was mathematically modeled. Then, an experimental setup was prepared for measuring the intensity of the backscattered gamma-rays from the pipes with different wall thicknesses and different wax widths. Finally, the experimentally measured counts were used by... 

High mixing efficiency that is of great importance in various industrial processes is a significant feature of spinning disk reactors. This work was focused on the characterization of mixing in a new reactor called Double Spinning Disk Reactor (DSDR) by adopting a competitive parallel reaction system known as iodide–iodate test reaction. The proposed DSDR consists of two coaxial rotating disks that the feeds are introduced into the gap between them. The mixing improves with an increase in the rotational speed of the disk, the radial distance of the feed introduced through the lower disk, and its number of feed points, while an increase in each of the feed flow rate and the distance between... 

The high mobility of charge carriers in graphene (G) together with the ease of processing and tunable optical properties of colloidal quantum dots (CQD) has provided high-performance hybrids for the next generation of phototransistors. In order to get a higher quality film of PbS QDs, understanding the effect of the ligand exchange method is critical. So, to improve the interdot electronic coupling, we propose a new conducting ligand to prepare a dense and self-assembled active layer of FAPbI3-PbS quantum dots on G/Si/SiO2substrates. Quantum dot (QD) nanocrystalline films were preparedviatwo different procedures: liquid phase ligand exchange (LPE) and solid phase ligand exchange (SPE). SPE... 

Metal halide perovskite nanoparticles have recently attracted immense interest for photodetectors due to their outstanding optical and electronic properties such as high carrier diffusion length, tunable band gap (light absorption range), and high photoluminescence (PL) efficiency. Although significant progress has been achieved in the development of perovskites, their stability is yet to be addressed. To improve the stability and quantum efficiency of FAPbI3 perovskite nanocrystals, we present a room temperature protocol to fabricate fully passivated and stable FAPbI3 nanocrystals via 2D growth in the presence of amine ligands and an excess amount of the organic cations. The crystallization... 

The motivation of this study is development of a technique to construct energy spectrum of higher price/high resolution detectors (e.g. NaI (Tl)) using spectrum of lower price/low resolution detectors (e.g. NE102). Since there is no explicit mathematical model between these type of detectors (i.e. organic and inorganic scintillator detectors), it is necessary to utilize model-free methods. Construction of mapping function to generate spectrum of inorganic scintillator using spectrum of organic scintillator can be done by supervised model-free methods. Different supervised learning methods including localized neural networks, statistical methods, feed-forward neural networks, and conditional... 

The paper aims at understanding solidification phenomena and solid state precipitations during dissimilar transient liquid phase bonding of γ-TiAl intermetallic compound to IN718 Ni-based superalloy using a quinary Ni–7Cr–3Fe–4.5Si–3.2B (wt%) filler metal. The mechanisms of intermetallic formation via solidification and solid state reactions are discussed. The joint is featured by the formation of Ni-rich solid solution in an isothermal solidification zone near to IN718, Ni-rich solid solution and isostructural binary phases solid solution designated as Al1-xNi3Six in an isothermal solidification zone near to TiAl, boride/silicide and boro-silicide formation during binary and ternary... 

High mixing efficiency that is of great importance in various industrial processes is a significant feature of spinning disk reactors. This work was focused on the characterization of mixing in a new reactor called Double Spinning Disk Reactor (DSDR) by adopting a competitive parallel reaction system known as iodide–iodate test reaction. The proposed DSDR consists of two coaxial rotating disks that the feeds are introduced into the gap between them. The mixing improves with an increase in the rotational speed of the disk, the radial distance of the feed introduced through the lower disk, and its number of feed points, while an increase in each of the feed flow rate and the distance between... 

In the present study, a novel α-MnO2/AgI photocatalyst was successfully fabricated by using hydrothermal/precipitation methods, and its photocatalytic performance was evaluated from the degradation of Acid blue 92 (AB92) dye under visible light irradiation. The surface and crystalline structure, morphology, and electro-chemical properties of the as-made photocatalyst were investigated by BET, XRD, XPS, SEM-EDS, TEM, DRS, PL, PC, and Raman analysis. The optimized nanocomposite (α-MnO2/AgI) with a weight ratio of 1:15 showed the best photocatalytic activity in the decomposition of AB92 with a removal efficiency of 100% in 40 min which was better than that of pure α-MnO2 (48%) and AgI (61%),... 

The quality of perovskite films plays a crucial role in improving the optoelectronic properties and performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Herein, high-quality CsxFA1−xPbI3 perovskite films with different compositions (x = 0, 5, 10, and 15) are achieved by controlling the amount of cesium chloride (CsCl) in the respective FAPbI3 precursor solution. The effects of CsCl addition on the morphological and optoelectronic properties of the resulting perovskite films and on the performance of the corresponding devices are systematically studied. Introduction of CsCl into FAPbI3 shows a great potential to stabilize the α-FAPbI3 perovskite phase by forming CsxFA1−xPbI3 films with improved... 

Background: Gamma camera count rate saturation and high-rate dead time are the most important problems of quantitative measurement in dosimetric studies. In this study, we aimed to assess an algorithm for correction of the measured counting rates in the entire energy spectrum (327–400 keV) for camera dead-time effects. Methods: In our study, whole body (WB) scan was performed by using a tissue-equivalent phantom, and that the radioactive Iodine (I-131) source with activities of 0.3, 0.6, 1.2, 1.5, 2.07, 2.7, 3.7, and 5.55 GBq was applied. WB scans of the 20% width energy windows were acquired for 420 s. Results: Camera dead-time parameters were obtained from different activities of I-131 in... 

Analysis of gamma-ray spectra is an important step for identification and quantification of radionuclides in a sample. In this paper a new gamma-ray spectra analysis algorithm based on Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is developed to identify different isotopes of a mixed gamma-ray source and determine their fractional abundances. PSO is an iterative algorithm that imitates the social behaviors observed in nature to solve complex optimization problems. The PSO method is used for complex fitting to the response of a 3 [Formula presented] 3 inch NaI (Tl) scintillation detector and the fitting process is controlled by a test for significance of abundance and computation of Theil coefficient.... 

Thin-film solar cells based on hybrid organo-halide lead perovskites achieve over 22% power conversion efficiency (PCE). A photovoltaic technology at such high performance is no longer limited by efficiency. Instead, lifetime and reliability become the decisive criteria for commercialization. This requires a standardized and scalable architecture which does fulfill all requirements for larger area solution processing. One of the most highly demanded technologies is a low temperature and printable conductive ink to substitute evaporated metal electrodes for the top contact. Importantly, that electrode technology must have higher environmental stability than, for instance, an evaporated silver... 

Alkaline doping (Cs, Rb) in CH3NH3PbI3 (MAPbI3) is known to enhance the stability of perovskite solar cells. The films are usually deposited using anti-solvent method, which is tricky and not applicable for large scale deposition. Besides, in case of CsxMA1−xPbI3 the amount of Cs must be carefully controlled to prevent CsI phase formation. Herein, we report an atmospheric pressure vapor assisted solution process (AP-VASP) for the growth of Cs doped MAPbI3 perovskite films that features highly uniform morphology, pin-hole free films, large grain size, as well as being scalable. The CsxMA1−xPbI3 films are formed by the reaction of Cs doped PbI2 films with MAI vapor in a simple oven. We... 

Effective masses are calculated for a large variety of perovskites of the form ABX3 differing in chemical composition (A= Na, Li, Cs; B = Pb, Sn; X= Cl, Br, I) and crystal structure. In addition, the effects of some defects and dopants are assessed. We show that the effective masses are highly correlated with the energies of the valence-band maximum, conduction-band minimum, and band gap. Using the k·p theory for the bottom of the conduction band and a tight-binding model for the top of the valence band, this trend can be rationalized in terms of the orbital overlap between halide and metal (B cation). Most of the compounds studied in this work are good charge-carrier transporters, where the... 

Functionally-graded NiO-8. mol % YSZ composite films were prepared by a controlled voltage-decay electophoretic deposition (EPD) process. The films consisted of three layers with varying NiO concentrations and porosities. Effects of different parameters including the type of the organic media, solid concentration, NiO:YSZ ratio, and iodine on the stability of EPD suspensions and deposition kinetics were studied. A stable NiO-YSZ suspension was attained in isopropanol with NiO-YSZ ratio of 60:40 and iodine concentration of 0.5. mM. The composite film contained varying NiO concentration from 46. wt.% near the substrate to 32. wt.% close to the electrolyte with 42. wt% NiO in the intermediate... 

Gold nanorods (GNRs) can be used in various biomedical applications; however, very little is known about their in vivo tissue distribution by radiolabeling. Here, we have developed a rapid and simple method with high yield and without disturbing their optical properties for radiolabeling of gold rods with iodine-131 in order to track in vivo tissue uptake of GNRs after systemic administration by biodistribution analysis and γ-imaging. Following intravenous injection into rat, PEGylated GNRs have much longer blood circulation times. We have developed a rapid and simple method for radiolabeling of gold rods with iodine-131 in order to track in vivo tissue uptake of gold nanorods after systemic... 

The current study is aimed at comparison of adsorption behaviors of silica-supported Cu nanoparticles (Si-N-Cu) and micrometric copper powder (Mi-Cu) for uptake of iodine vapor. The Si-N-Cu was synthesized by the decomposition of aqueous Cu(NO3)2 solution at supercritical condition, followed by reduction of the sample by H 2-N2 mixture. The Si-N-Cu sample with 29.4 nm Cu particles adsorbed 95% of I2 at partial pressure 10-5 bar in 1 h, while the 1 μm Mi-Cu adsorbed 51% of iodine in 6 h, indicating higher yield and faster kinetics of the nanometric sample. Theoretical analysis revealed the existence of a strong thermodynamic size effect in the Cu-I2 reaction system, so that molar |ΔG| for 2... 

Various methods, such as those developed by the Medical Internal Radiation Dosimetry (MIRD) Committee of the Society of Nuclear Medicine or employing dose point kernels, have been applied to the radiation dosimetry of 131I radionuclide therapy. However, studies have not shown a strong relationship between tumour absorbed dose and its overall therapeutic response, probably due in part to inaccuracies in activity and dose estimation. In the current study, the GATE Monte Carlo computer code was used to facilitate voxel-level radiation dosimetry for organ activities measured in an . 131I-treated thyroid cancer patient. This approach allows incorporation of the size, shape and composition of... 

Two types of gold ores were subjected to iodide/iodine leaching at room temperature. The effects of three factors, including ore type (a carbonaceous and an oxide gold ores), iodide/iodine concentration, and the presence of oxygen in solution on gold leaching performance were investigated. The carbonaceous ore showed only 20% gold extraction, since gold-iodide complexes readily adsorb on organic matter. In contrast, gold extraction from the oxide ore in a solution containing 20 g/L iodide and 4 g/L iodine reached 77% in 6 h and 89% in 24 h. With iodate as the oxidant, no gold could be leached in 48 h. When the iodate was partially converted to iodine by adding HCl to the solution, gold...