Sharif Digital Repository

In recent years, key questions about the interaction of 2D MXene nanomaterials in electrochemical and biomedical applications have been raised. Most research has focused on clarifying the exclusive properties of the materials; however, only limited reports have described the biomedical applications of 2D nanomaterials. 2D MXenes are monolayer atomic nanosheets resulting from MAX phase ceramics. The hydrophilic properties, metallic conductivity, stability, and exclusive physiochemical performances make them promising materials for electrochemical and biomedical applications, including CO2 reduction, H2 evolution, energy conversion and storage, supercapacitors, stimuli-responsive drug delivery... 

Chitosan is a natural polymer with acceptable biocompatibility, biodegradability, and mechanical stability; hence, it has been widely appraised for drug and gene delivery applications. However, there has been no comprehensive assessment to tailor-make chitosan cross-linkers of various types and functionalities as well as complex chitosan-based semi- and full-interpenetrating networks for drug delivery systems (DDSs). Herein, various fabrication methods developed for chitosan hydrogels are deliberated, including chitosan crosslinking with and without diverse cross-linkers. Tripolyphosphate, genipin and multi-functional aldehydes, carboxylic acids, and epoxides are common cross-linkers used in... 

Phosphatidylcholine (PC) possesses amphiphilic characteristics to form vesicles or liposome nanoparticles and can be utilized to deliver essential nutrients such as proteins, peptide antigens, and essential fatty acids. In this study, an attempt has been made to obtain purified PC and evaluate its potential in nanoliposome synthesis and its corresponding drug release profile. In this regard, four physical separation techniques comprising extraction, precipitation, static, and dynamic adsorption were assessed and applied to purify PC from soybean lecithin. Different solvents and the ratio of lecithin to solvent were used to achieve the highest PC percentage. The results of an HPLC test showed... 

Forced and free vibrational analyses of viscoelastic nanotubes containing fluid under a moving load in complex environments incorporating surface effects are conducted based on the nonlocal strain gradient theory and the Rayleigh beam model. To model the internal nanoflow, the slip boundary condition is employed. Adopting the Galerkin discretization approach, the reduced-order dynamic model of the system is acquired. Analytical and numerical methods are exploited to determine the dynamic response of the system. The impacts of geometry, scale parameter ratio, Knudsen number, fluid velocity, rotary inertia parameter, viscoelastic parameter, surface residual stress, surface elastic modulus, and... 

Overexpression of proteins/antigens and other gene-related sequences in the bodies could lead to significant mutations and refractory diseases. Detection and identification of assorted trace concentrations of such proteins/antigens and/or gene-related sequences remain challenging, affecting different pathogens and making viruses stronger. Correspondingly, coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) mutations/alterations and spread could lead to overexpression of ssDNA and the related antigens in the population and brisk activity in gene-editing technologies in the treatment/detection may lead to the presence of pCRISPR in the blood. Therefore, the detection and evaluation of their trace concentrations are of... 

Besides the conventional fiber production methods, microfluidics has emerged as a promising approach for the engineered spinning of fibrous materials and offers excellent potential for fiber manufacturing in a controlled and straightforward manner. This method facilitates low-speed prototype synthesis of fibers for diverse applications while providing superior control over reaction conditions, efficient use of precursor solutions, reagent mixing, and process parameters. This article reviews recent advances in microfluidic technology for the fabrication of fibrous materials with different morphologies and a variety of properties aimed at various applications. First, the basic principles, as... 

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) biocompatible systems can host enzymes/bacteria/viruses. Herein we synthesized a series of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH)-decorated UiO-66-NH2 based on Citrus tangerine leaf extract for drug delivery and biosensor applications. Five chemically manipulated FAAH-like benzamides were localized on the UiO-66-NH2 surface with physical interactions. Comprehensive cellular and molecular analyses were conducted on HEK-293, HeLa, HepG2, PC12, MCF-7, and HT-29 cell lines (cytotoxicity assessment after 24 and 48 h). MTT results proved above 95 and 50% relative cell viability in the absence and presence of the drug, respectively. A complete targeted drug-releasing... 

Breast cancer incidence has increased in recent decades. In the present study, an optimum formulation of chitosan (CS)-adorned niosome-based nanocarriers for co-delivery of doxorubicin (DOX) and vincristine (VIN) was developed for the treatment of breast cancer to reduce drug doses and overcome multidrug resistance. The three-level Box-Behnken method was utilized to optimize the particles in terms of size, polydispersity index (PDI), entrapment efficacy (EE (%)), and percent of drug release (%). The release rate of two drugs from CS-adorned nanoparticles (DOX+VIN/Nio/CS) in acidic and physiological pH is less than uncoated niosome (DOX+VIN/Nio). In addition, acidic pH increases the release... 

Here we report on the development of a hybrid nanofibrous scaffold made from polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) nanofibers embedding zinc oxide nanorods (ZnOns), and poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) nanofibers incorporating dexamethasone (DEX)-loaded chitosan nanoparticles using dual-electrospinning method. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and tensile analysis were carried out for physiochemical characterization of the scaffolds, followed by DEX release profile. In addition, an MTT assay was conducted to assess the viability of mouse bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (mBMSCs) on the hybrid nanofibrous scaffold.... 

Targeted drug delivery methods have shown a significant impact on enhancing drug delivery efficiency and reducing drug side effects. While various stimuli have been used to promote the drug delivery process, applying ultrasound (US) waves to control drug particles through the human body, noninvasively, has drawn the scientist's attention. However, microcarriers delivery reaches the aneurysmal artery by US waves that exert volumetric forces on blood, and drug carriers, which can therefore affect blood flow patterns and movement pathways of drug carriers, have not yet been studied. In this study, we developed a 3-D patient-specific model of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) to evaluate the... 

Herein, the facile and tunable technique for the preparation of novel multi-stimuli-responsive nanocomposites via RAFT polymerization for DOX delivery is reported. The influence of the molecular weight of pH- and thermo-sensitive poly (acrylic acid-co-NIPAM) (PNAx), as a macro-RAFT agent, on the nanocomposites size and drug release rate was investigated. The outcome of this study reveals that macro-RAFT agent with lower molecular weight can be attached to the surface of magnetic nanoparticles with higher content of polymeric layer than can macro-RAFT agent with higher molecular weight. Also, it was observed that the particle size, polymer grafting density, DOX loading capacity, and DOX... 

Cancer is a deadly disease that has long plagued humans and has become more prevalent in recent years. The common treatment modalities for this disease have always faced many problems and complications, and this has led to the discovery of strategies for cancer diagnosis and treatment. The use of magnetic nanoparticles in the past two decades has had a significant impact on this. One of the objectives of the present study is to introduce the special properties of these nanoparticles and how they are structured to load and transport drugs to tumors. In this study, iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles with 6 nm sizes were coated with hyperbranched polyglycerol (HPG) and folic acid (FA). The... 

In the present study, first, Fe3O4nanoparticles were functionalized using glutaric acid and then composited with CQDs. Doxorubicin (DOX) drug was loaded to evaluate the performance of the nanocomposite for targeted drug delivery applications. The XRD pattern confirmed the presence of characteristic peaks of CQDs and Fe3O4. In the FTIR spectrum, the presence of carboxyl functional groups on Fe3O4/CQDs was observed; DOX (positive charge) is loaded onto Fe3O4/CQDs (negative charge) by electrostatic absorption. FESEM and AFM images showed that the particle sizes of Fe3O4and CQDs were 23-75 and 1-3 nm, respectively. The hysteresis curves showed superparamagnetic properties for Fe3O4and Fe3O4/CQDs... 

Atherosclerotic plaques and thrombosis are chronic inflammatory complications and the main manifestations of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), the leading cause of death globally. Achieving non/minimal-invasive therapeutic means for these implications in the coronary network is vital and has become an interdisciplinary concern. Accordingly, smart drug delivery systems, specifically based on micro- and nanoparticles, as a promising method to offer non/minimal-invasive therapeutic mechanisms are under active research. Notably, computational models enable us to study, design, and predict treatment strategies based on smart drug delivery systems with less time and cost compared with conventional... 

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), known as highly ordered crystalline hybrid structures, are the products of coordination polymerization of transition metals and organic ligands. MOFs are best known for their extensive specific surface area, hierarchically porous and tailorable 1D, 2D, or 3D micro-and nanostructure, and acceptable biocompatibility. Because of the multiplicity of metallic and organic units used in MOFs synthesis, tailor-made MOFs can be synthesized to be served as building blocks of advanced biological materials and systems. Recently, synthesis of green MOFs has received much more attention for nanobiomedicine usage. We review herein synthesis and biomedical application of... 

Droplet-based microfluidic systems have been employed to manipulate discrete fluid volumes with immiscible phases. Creating the fluid droplets at microscale has led to a paradigm shift in mixing, sorting, encapsulation, sensing, and designing high throughput devices for biomedical applications. Droplet microfluidics has opened many opportunities in microparticle synthesis, molecular detection, diagnostics, drug delivery, and cell biology. In the present review, we first introduce standard methods for droplet generation (i.e. passive and active methods) and discuss the latest examples of emulsification and particle synthesis approaches enabled by microfluidic platforms. Then, the applications... 

Targeted drug delivery (TDD) to abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) using a controlled and efficient approach has recently been a significant challenge. In this study, by using magnetic microbubbles (MMBs) under a magnetic field, we investigated the MMBs performance in TDD to AAA based on the amount of surface density of MMBs (SDMM) adhered to the AAA lumen. The results showed that among the types of MMBs studied in the presence of the magnetic field, micromarkers are the best type of microbubble with a −50 % increase in SDMM adhered to the critical area of AAA. The results show that applying a magnetic field causes the amount of SDMM adhered to the whole area of AAA to increase −1.54 times... 

In the current study, the physicochemical and biological properties of tetracycline-loaded core-shell nanoparticles (Tet/Ni0.5Co0.5Fe2O4/SiO2 and Tet/CoFe2O4/SiO2) were investigated. The antibacterial activity of nanoparticles alone and in combination with tetracycline was investigated against a number of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria for determining minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values. The MIC of Tet/Ni0.5Co0.5Fe2O4/SiO2 nanoparticles turned out to be significantly higher than that of Tet/CoFe2O4/SiO2 nanoparticles. Furthermore, Tet/Ni0.5Co0.5Fe2O4/SiO2 nanoparticles exhibited potent antibiofilm activity against pathogenic bacteria compared to Tet/CoFe2O4/SiO2... 

In this study, in-silico properties of Gingerol (Gin) and Letrozole (Let), as two potential anti-cancer drugs, were investigated and some significant ADME drawbacks were predicted. Accordingly, to address the drawbacks, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) were prepared, functionalized with zinc, amine, and graphene oxide (GO) (MZNG), and employed for loading and delivery of the both to breast cancer cells in-vitro. Biophysical analysis showed that Let and Gin-loaded MZNGs have spherical structure with a mean diameter of ∼210 nm. The MZNGs provided high entrapment efficiency of Let and Gin with a pH-sensitive sustained release profile. The cytotoxicity assay demonstrated that loading of... 

Fighting with cancer requires the delivery of different therapeutics to the target cancerous cells by taking advantage of the synergistic effects of complementary medicine. Herein, we present a folate-PEGylated niosome as an efficient nanocarrier for targeted co-delivery of hydrophobic letrozole (L) and hydrophilic ascorbic acid (A) to breast cancer cells. The formulation of the niosomal nanocarrier was optimized by varying the ratio of cholesterol and surfactants to maximize the drug loading and minimize the size of nanocarriers. The optimum drug carriers were further functionalized with folate-PEG molecules to enhance the efficiency of drug delivery to the breast cancer cells and prevent...