Sharif Digital Repository

The effect of wall cooling in tray-type solid-state fermenters was investigated by cultivation of Aspergillus niger ATCC 10 864 on wheat bran. Temperature, moisture, pH and glucoamylase activity in the bed were monitored. Application of the heat exchanger plate reduced the overall water loss but increased the heterogeneity of moisture distribution in the bed. Moisture content increased markedly close to the heat transfer plate while the upper regions of the bed dried out. The thermal conductivity of the bed was measured to be 0.19 Wm-1 K-1. At these conditions and depending on the air flow rate, 58-82% of the metabolic heat was removed via conduction towards the plate. A mathematical model... 

Steady-state laminar and incompressible fluid flow and forced-convection heat transfer from a circular cylinder and an array of circular cylinders in the presence and no-presence of porous media are investigated. Various mathematical and numerical models are compared and the effects of porous media on heat transfer enhancement are studied. Navier-Stokes equations are used for the analysis of laminar fluid flow and heat transfer. However, the Darcy and extended Darcy-Brinkman models are used for the analysis of fluid flow and heat transfer in porous media. The cylinders are at constant temperature and the analysis is restricted to the low- and intermediate-Peclet-number regimes (Pr = 1, Re ≤... 

The objective of this paper is to provide optimization of falling film LiBr solution on a horizontal single tube based on minimization of entropy generation. Flow regime is considered to be laminar. The effect of boiling has been ignored and wall temperature is constant. Velocity, temperature and concentration distributions are numerically determined and dimensionless correlations are obtained to predict the average heat transfer coefficient and average evaporation factor on the horizontal tube. Thermodynamic imperfection due to passing lithium bromide solution is attributed to nonisothermal heat transfer; fluid flow friction and mass transfer irreversibility. Scale analysis shows that the... 

In this investigation a new model was developed to calculate gas pressure at the melt/foam interface (Gap) resulting from foam degradation during mould filling in the lost foam casting (LFC) process. Different aspects of the process, such as foam degradation, gas elimination, transient mass, heat transfer, and permeability of the refractory coating were incorporated into this model. A computational fluid dynamic (CFD) code was developed based on the numerical technique of the Solution Algorithm-Volume of Fluid (SOLA-VOF) utilizing model, for the simulation and prediction of the fluid flow in the LFC process. In order to verify the computational results of the simulation, a thin plate of grey... 

A numerical method based on the SIMPLE algorithm has been developed for the analysis of vapor flow in a concentric annular heat pipe. The steady-state response of a concentric annular heat pipe to various heat fluxes in the evaporator and condenser sections are studied. The fluid flow and heat transfer in the annular vapor space are simulated using Navier-Stokes equations. The governing equations are solved numerically, using finite volume approach. The vapor pressure and temperature distributions along a concentric annular heat pipe are predicted for a number of symmetric test cases. The vapor flow reversal and transition to turbulence phenomena are also predicted. The results are compared... 

Applying flexible variable shape control surfaces (wing and elevator) structures is a way to increase efficiency and maneuverability of the planes, which is recently under research. In this paper, modeling of the flight of an unmanned ultra light plane is discussed. The modeling is done based on a real ultra light plane presented recently. To increase maneuverability of the plane, flexible variable shape structures are designed for the wing and the elevator. In design procedure, having an ultra light plane is considered. The elevator and the wing are used as control surfaces for longitudinal and lateral maneuvers respectively. Shape memory alloys (SMA) are used for reshaping the flexible... 

In this paper, the application of an actuator wire made of shape memory alloy (SMA) and externally attached to a cantilever beam is analyzed. To this end, an integrated model that includes the constitutive equations of the SMA, the phase transformation equations from martensite to austenite and vice versa, the heat transfer equation for the SMA that also includes the input energy from an electric source, and the equations of the elastic deformation of the cantilever beam as well as the SMA wire, is presented. The simultaneous solution of the mentioned set of equations can result in the evaluation of the system response to an electrical activation of SMA  

In this paper, heat and mass transfer phenomena occurring simultaneously in falling film generator of absorption chillers have been studied. The analysis is based on the laminar flow of an Li/Br solution over a horizontal single tube and tube bundle having a constant tube wall temperature. The effect of boiling has been ignored. An extensive numerical code is provided to calculate the heat transfer coefficient and the rate of evaporation. A parametric study is performed on the coefficient of heat transfer and the evaporation flux of the refrigerant. Dimensionless correlations are obtained to calculate the heat transfer coefficient on the horizontal tube and tube bundle. The comparison... 

The well-known Rayleigh-Plesset [Formula presented] equation is the basis of almost all hydrodynamical descriptions of single-bubble sonoluminescence [Formula presented]. A major deficiency of the [Formula presented] equation is that it accounts for viscosity of an incompressible liquid and compressibility, separately. By removing this approximation, a new modification of the [Formula presented] equation is presented considering effect of compressional viscosity of the liquid. This modification leads to addition of a new viscous term to the traditional bubble boundary equation. Influence of this new term in the dynamics of a sonoluminescing bubble has numerically been studied considering... 

A heat transfer model was developed for a new non-electric infant's transport incubator. The source of heat comprises a super saturated solution of Sodium Acetate and a metal disk (activator) in a plastic container. Estimating the number of the chemical bags required for different ambient temperature was the goal. First the quantity of heat generated by the chemical was appointed through experiments and use of a parameter estimation method. The number of the chemical bags were also estimated through a numerical-experimental method  

A new experimental facility was designed, fabricated and tested to model and study the effect of bidirectional swirl flow on the rate of heat transfer to combustion chamber walls in many applications. Heat transfer to combustion chamber walls is an unwanted phenomenon. Reduction of this heat transfer can result in time and cost saving methods in design and fabrication of combustion chambers. The experimental study was performed by using propane and air with oxygen as fuel and oxidizer respectively. The location of injection ports and geometry of combustion chamber are flexible and could be varied. Tests were performed with different mass flow rates of fuel and oxidizer. For the same flow... 

A three-dimensional finite element analysis was carried out to determine the annual variation of temperature and thermal stresses of a concrete arch dam. Appropriate heat transfer boundary conditions in the dam body were used for air and reservoir temperature as well as solar radiation variations. Karaj arch dam in Iran was used as a case study. The rate of convergence of the numerical solution is examined. Results of the finite element analysis show that probable cracks occur in a very narrow region of the downstream face. Thermal loads have the most significant effects for causing downstream cracks in comparison with self-weigh and hydrostatic loads. The cracked areas of downstream face... 

In this paper, a theoretical analysis of the combined heat and mass transfer over cooled horizontal tubes is presented. The boundary layer assumptions are used for the transport of mass, momentum and energy equations and the finite difference method is employed to solve the governing equations in the absorber tube bundle. The effects of important parameters, such as solution flow rate, absorber pressure and tube radius, are discussed on the overall heat and mass transfer for a tube and tube bundle. © Sharif University of Technology, October 2004  

The steady-state laminar and incompressible vapor flow in four partially-beated concentric annular beat pipe (CAHP) is studied. The governing equations are solved numerically, using finite volume approach based on collocated grids. The first order upwind scheme and the QUICK scheme are used in the numerical solution. The vapor pressure distributions and velocity profiles along the annular vapor space are predicted for a number of test cases in the range of low to moderate radial Reynolds numbers. The results show that in a partially-heated annular beat pipe, as the radial Reynolds number increases, a number of recirculation zones may be created at both ends of the evaporator and condenser... 

In this paper, a numerical simulation involving fluid flow and heat transfer is presented in order to improve the understanding of rotary furnaces. The finite element model is employed to simulate the furnace rotation and analyse the energy flows inside the furnace. A transient dynamic analysis is carried out to predict the evolution and distribution of temperatures in a rotary furnace by modelling and analysing the furnace under different flame positions. The finite element modelling system ELFEN is used to develop models of the furnace. The results clearly indicate the temperature distribution for different angular velocities along with a comparison of temperature variation under different... 

Falling film heat and mass transfer analysis of a horizontal tube bundle in a generator of absorption chillers have been studied. The film Reynolds number is limited to the laminar flow and the effect of ripple on the free surface has been ignored. Thermal boundary conditions are considered to be constant wall temperature and desorption is considered to be free surface evaporation. Analysis is based on a single column of horizontal tubes, arranged in a vertically spaced configuration. A comprehensive numerical code has been developed to solved the governing equations. The functional relationship of average heat transfer coefficient of tube bundle has been analytically correlated to the first... 

A heat transfer rate was determined for polypropylene tubes in solar water heaters for the Reynolds number range 800-5600. Experiments were conducted in ambient temperatures of 34 to 37°C. Data were correlated in the form of Nusselt numbers as: Nu=0.0015 Re0.75 Pr1/3 with correlation coefficient of 0.95. Such data can be used to predict heat transfer rates in a polypropylene solar heater in Tehran where the experiments were performed. An application of the results is shown in an example. © 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved  

In this paper the velocity and temperature fields during hot strip rolling are determined using a rigid-viscoplastic finite element method together with a microstructural model for handling dynamic phase transformation during hot deformation. Based on these fields, the strain distributions within the rolled metal at different positions in the deformation zone are estimated. The analysis is capable of considering the effects of metallurgical phase transformations as well as various process parameters such as initial strip temperature, rolling speed, lubrication on the strain inhomogeneity produced during the hot rolling process. To assess the reliability of the theoretical analysis, a... 

The objective of this paper is to provide optimization of falling film Li/Br solution on a horizontal single tube based on minimization of entropy generation. Flow regime is considered to be laminar, the effect of boiling has been ignored and wall temperature is constant. Velocity, temperature and concentration distributions are numerically determined and dimensionless correlations are obtained for predicting the average heat transfer coefficient and average evaporation factor on the horizontal tube. Thermodynamic imperfection due to passing lithium bromide solution is attributed to non-isothermal heat transfer; fluid flow friction and mass transfer irreversibility. Scale analysis shows that... 

Electric motors represent the largest single load in most power systems. With continuing increase in nonlinear loads, the effects of harmonic contents of power systems on various components is becoming more important. This paper is concerned with the effect of power system harmonics and voltage unbalance on the useful life of electric motors. A simple equivalent circuit is used to calculate the additional heat losses caused by supply distortions. A lumped-parameter thermal network is proposed to calculate the resulting heat distribution within the machine. An Arrhenius chart is then used to estimate motor insulation remaining life. The proposed approach is used to determine the effect of...