Sharif Digital Repository

Voluntary turnover has direct and indirect expenses for organizations and for this purpose; it has one of the richest literatures in academic works. Due to the especial role of knowledge workers in organizations, these expenses in knowledge-based organizations are more important and more costly than that of other organizations. One of the latest theories in the field of voluntarily turnover was introduced by Lee and Mitchell (1994) that was named “Unfolding Model of Turnover” to describe the process of decision of voluntary turnover. This theory is distinguished from its similar theories from two main aspects: First, they introduced new elements like shock. Second, they introduced... 

Business Intelligence (BI) became a new trend in IT applications and the organization's request for it, has notably increased. BI helps organization for better decision making. It means appropriate and correct information for appropriate person at the suitable time and in the suitable format. The key point is that only buying a BI Application doesn't mean a successful BI Implementation. The organizations should know their needs and prerequisites for implementing these applications. Strategic alignment, information usage culture and technical readiness are a bit of these prerequisites. Banks are one of the industries that use IT as a heart in their business. Some of these banks create... 

Human beings have always been tried to make new, innovative things to benefit from. The new things have been improved from a wheel to a smart car and the benefits have been improved from survival to survival plus fitness, happiness, sense of belonging, security and etc. Companies which have been following the human nature, and thinking of new, innovative products and consumers’ benefits cohesively, could gain competitive advantages. But the process of new product development has always been costly and due to the high failure rate it is risky. One of the main challenges in NPD projects is understanding consumer's behavior. Most companies try to identify consumer's needs by knowledge... 

All the main knowledge currents —from the humanities to the experimental sciences— consider themselves explicitly or implicitly indebted to Neo-Kantianism, an approach that, by removing the sensory-material component from the production of reality, prevented the entry of all accidental and unexpected elements into the various fields of human knowledge and gave a not very productive peace to the European world: the peace that came to Europe not only in experimental sciences but also in politics and economy, but it made the existence of Europe weak and sterile. This is the judgment that I have tried to make as far as I can to show what fate the acceptance of Neo-Kantianism brings to man. The... 

One of the most important characteristics of us humans is that we are homofaber beings, and with the help of technology we transform our living conditions, and perceptions of ourselves and the world. Technology, then, plays and important role in all branches of philosophy, and especially in philosophy of science. Without, technological instruments, little scientific research can be found that can be accomplished. Many of the processes involved in scientific researches, such as experimentation and measurement, are rooted in technology. This thesis aims to examine how technology impacts science. Philosophers and historians of science have usually paid little attention to the influence of... 

The study of the religious experience is always one of the most important topics in researches related to the religion field. Religious and mystical experiences have always been one of the key religious concepts. The religious experience, like other human experiences, always comes with reactions in the human brain. Study of the religious experience from a neuroscience perspective can help us to answer questions and issues in the field of religious experience and cognitive credit of it. Assessment of what happens in the people’s brain during rituals like meditation or deep concentration provides a good window into understanding of what this means for people, being mystical or religious or... 

It has been five years since the new education system was started, according to which fundamental changes have been applied to school text books. The mentioned changes in the text books are based on “the fundamental transformation document” and “Iran’s national educational curriculum”. In “Iran’s national educational curriculum”, eleven fields concerning pedagogy and learning are explicitly mentioned; one of these eleven fields is “training and learning work and technology”. One of the merits which has been stressed in this field, is “technological thinking”. Nowadays, methods of extending and reinforcing the technological thinking have come to be the subject of investigations in many... 

One of issues of human in this time is questions about epistemology. Human sometimes faced with this qustion that "Is it any knowledge for human being". Sometime he or she answers this question: yes and search for any knowledge around him or her. In the context of philosophy of science these question are very imortant. In philosophy of science one of major question is how many of factors in science is subjective and how many is objective? It is obvious that one of solution to answer this question is investigation of factors that construct the knowledege. Furthermore in this thesis I try to answer that question in context of Hikmat' Motealieh. In this context all of factors that involved in... 

Frank Jackson’s knowledge argument is presented to show the falsity of physicalism. The argument is based on a famous thought experiment according which, Mary, a genius scientist who has spent her whole life investigating the neurophysiology of vision in a black-and-white environment, in spite of acquiring complete physical knowledge in that field, knows nothing about the phenomenological properties of seeing red. The knowledge argument has three main steps: proofing the existence of an epistemic gap, inferring an ontological gap from the epistemic gap and inferring the falsity of physicalism from the ontological gap. Different criticisms are made of each step. One of the criticisms of the... 

Hayek is one of the most impressive figures of Austrian School of Economics established by Carl Menger. The Thinkers of this school of thought believed that governments should not intervene in the market process. They argued that such interventions would spoil the market performance in resource allocation. Hayek believes that the order which emerges from the market is a spontaneous one; it means no one has designed it, but it has evolutionarily evolved by distinctive agents' actions who had no plan to make it. Hayek's arguments for spontaneous order are based on some epistemological presuppositions such as: "methodological individualism", "methodological subjectivism", "tacit knowledge" and... 

The emergence of lexical knowledge bases such as WordNet and FarsNet foregrounded the importance of semantic annotation of words in the areas of natural language processing and corpus linguistics. The methodology in these knowledge bases is based on semantic relations and dictionary definitions of the words in coverage. Another efficient way to perform semantic annotation is by semantically classifying the lexicon of a language in a taxonomy. In this research, we build a semantic annotation system for the semantic tagging of Persian texts. This system can be used for building tools and softwares for natural language processing in applications such as text summarization, plagiarism detection... 

Vocabulary knowledge has been scrutinized by many researchers from different aspects and its impact on reading comprehension has made some controversies. This study was an attempt to investigate the impact of depth and breadth of vocabulary knowledge on reading comprehension. Actually, the relationship among different aspects of vocabulary: depth and breadth and their relationship with participants’ reading comprehension was investigated. To meet this end, Vocabulary Size Test (VST) and Word Associates Test (WAT) and reading comprehension tests were administered to 94 male and female students at Sharif University of Technology in Iran. To homogenize the participants, they were classified... 

Understanding others has long been a goal of language teaching yet remaining in the background of educational practices (Liddicoat, 2012). However, the recognition of importance of intercultural competence and its integration into language teaching and learning has grown due to globalization, increased mobility, and technological development. The existing challenge in the language-teaching domain is the integration of culture and language. The benefits and significance of developing interculturally competent learners are not covert to anybody; however, the important consideration of teaching culture is the necessity of amalgamating language and culture in an interculturally oriented language... 

This thesis was an attempt to find the effect of having multi-domain conceptual network on metaphorical creativity. The purpose of this research was to answer the following question: By extending and expanding the mental conceptual network, could one increase their potential creativity; In other words, is expansion of the mental conceptual network one of the parameters of creativity or not.To answer this question, a questionnaire and a test were developped. Through the questionnaire, we divided the sample group into the test and control groups. And the test indicated how creative each individual is.There were three different ways the sample group was divided. The criteria for dividing the... 

Question Answering (QA) systems have reached human-level accuracy; however, these systems are vulnerable to adversarial examples. Recently, adversarial attacks have been widely investigated in text classification. However, there have been few research efforts on this topic in QA systems. In this thesis our approach is improving the robustness of QA systems using deep neural networks. In this thesis, as the first proposed approach, the knowledge distillation method is introduced to create a student model to improve the robustness of QA systems. In this regard, the pre-trained BERT model was used as a teacher, and its impact on the robustness of the student models on the Adversarial SQuAD... 

The widespread use of internet systems and their popularity have led to an increase in the need for recommender systems, and extensive research has been done to address this need. Systems that suggest desirable options to users based on available information are recognized as recommender systems. Important examples of these systems exist in online stores and social networks. In online shops, data specific to each user is very limited and there are limited connections between users and products, which poses challenges for recommender systems. Incomplete or incorrect data may also cause errors in the system, such that the system performs the recommendation process based on wrong information.... 

The detection of unusual events, which is called abnormality, is very important in various fields such as: industry, medicine, art, and agriculture, and has applications such as food quality detection, inconsistency detection in work environments, disease detection in medical images, and artefact detection. It has the art of counterfeiting and detection of unhealthy agricultural products, and by detecting the abnormality, the damages caused by the abnormality can be reduced. There are many challenges when detecting anomalies in images, which can be mentioned: the input image is not rich enough to learn a suitable representation, there are not enough samples to learn the model, the high... 

In today’s methodical corporate world, processes have been recognized as valuable organizational knowledge assets. Situational Method Engineering (SME) processes are considered particularly valuable because of their effectiveness in building context-specific software processes for developing efficient software systems; thus, they indirectly affect all software-dependent organizational knowledge assets, including organizational processes. It is therefore logical to deduce that managing SME knowledge would improve the efficiency of both SME and organizational processes. Unfortunately, existing SME processes suffer from weaknesses that are rooted in loss of knowledge within method engineering... 

The existing continual learning methods are mainly focused on fully-supervised scenarios and are still not able to take advantage of unlabeled data available in the environment. Some recent works tried to investigate semi-supervised continual learning (SSCL) settings in which the unlabeled data are available, but it is only from the same distribution as the labeled data. This assumption is still not general enough for real-world applications and restricts the utilization of unsupervised data. In this work, we introduce Open-Set Semi-Supervised Continual Learning (OSSCL), a more realistic semi-supervised continual learning setting in which out-of-distribution (OoD) unlabeled samples in the... 

Drug repurposing, which means finding a drug for a disease among approved drugs, is a solution for decreasing drug development time and cost. However,drug repurposing suggestions have been serendipitous so far. Therefore,proposing a systematic method for drug repurposing is crucial in terms of cost and human life savings. Recently, biological network-based methods for drug repurposing have had promising results among computational methods. But,these methods have some limitations too. First, the size and variety of data used in these methods are limited. Second, heterogeneous data is either not used or converted to homogeneous data leading to information loss in these methods. Finally, not...