Sharif Digital Repository

This research is divided in three parts. In the first part of this research, we report the one-pot synthesis of carbonate-coated nanostructured LLO (Li2CO3@LLO) through a polyol-assisted method as a Li-ion battery cathode. Carbonate protects the cathode from adverse reactions with the electrolyte, also reduces the layered-to-spinel phase transition, thereby stabilizing the cathode structure. LLO nanostructure provides a fast Li+ diffusion. The target material exhibits excellent long-term stability with 77% capacity retention after 1000 cycles at 0.2C-rate. In the second part of research, Li(Na-doped)-Mn-Ni-O oxides were synthesized by different LiOH.H2O amount, type and amount of reducing... 

Industrial wastewater treatment has always been one of the significant human being problems for the years. In particular, sewage containing heavy metals that, if discharged into nature, would have irreversible effects on the ecosystem and human health. Due to their toxic nature, heavy metals will reduce the efficiency of wastewater treatment systems if they are not efficiently treated. Also, the removal of Nitrate from the wastewater, which is one of the most stable nitrogen oxides, has always been a serious human problem in the treatment of effluents due to their high solubility in water. The simultaneous presence of nitrate and heavy metals in the effluent will cause many problems in the... 

In this thesis, first we study superconductivity and its mechanisms then classify different types of that based on symmetry of gap function. After that, we shall discuss metallic systems that have impurities in them and propose two successful model describing this phenomenon, Anderson’s model and Kondo’s model. In the next step, by introducing Kondo lattice model which is an ordered array of impurities in system, try to solve it by mean-field approximation and will be seen a phase transition in a characteristic temperature known as Kondo’s temperature. Then generalize these models to situation when background system is a superconductor and study it’s behavior and quantum phases. Although... 

The adsorption equilibria of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrogen on pelletized cation-exchanged faujasite zeolite (with alkali, alkaline earth, and transition metal ions) have been investigated by a volumetric apparatus. The standard instrumental analytical techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) were utilized to characterize binder-free modified zeolites. The EDX spectra and AAS results revealed that the ion-exchange was successfully achieved with expected tendencies. The results indicate that the type of cation present in the zeolite... 

The first study of the present research aims to the possibility of developing simple, accurate and selective potentiometric sensors for the detection of scandium ions in aqueous solution, which is done for the first time. In this study, a sensor array consisting of 17 miniaturized potentiometric sensors based on polymeric membranes containing various ion-extracting ligands were designed and fabricated. Ligands as the active component of the membranes included phosphine oxides and diamides of various organic acids, which were used in the extraction of rare earth metal ions. The possibility of using these extractants in the polymer matrix of membranes for the development of scandium-sensitive... 

Considering the operation of the current nuclear reactors and the country's policy to achieve 10,000 megawatts of nuclear power in the horizon of 1420, as well as the construction of research reactors, we will face a huge amount of radioactive waste in the coming years. Meanwhile, spent ion exchange resins constitute a large amount of low and intermediate level (LILW) solid radioactive waste produced from the nuclear industry. Therefore, appropriate precautionary measures should be taken for the immobilization and disposal of these radioactive wastes in order to ensure the sustainable development of the nuclear industry and the protection of the environment and human health. In this study,... 

The exitance of a certain amount of halide ions including Chloride (Cl-), Bromide (Br-) and Iodide (I-) in human body is crucial for ensuring health. However, exposure to high levels of these ions can cause diseases, such as goiter and neurological disfunction. As a result, the development of a simple and efficient analytical method for determining the aforesaid halide ions is so important. Triangular silver nanoparticles (TSNPs) display wide color variations due to their tunable plasmonic properties dependent on the aspect ratio of the nanoparticles. Hence, designing a colorimetric sensor array using the optical properties of TSNPs for determination and discrimination of halide ions is of... 

The forward osmosis (FO) process is a high potential emerging membrane process in the seawater desalination and contaminated water treatment fields. One of the main challenges facing this process is the weak separation (high reverse solute flux, low water flux, and insufficient selectivity) and antifouling performances of its membranes. Various sections of this study focus on the development of FO membranes and their performance improvement. For this purpose, thin-film composite membranes with the same combination of polyethersulfone/polyamide (PES/PA) have been used to investigate the effect of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) introduction on their performance. The support layer in all cases... 

Water plays an essential role in the daily lives of humans, plants, and animals. Due to the lack of safe water on the planet, in recent years there have been many challenges in the field of water treatment, which has made water desalination technology always one of the most advanced technologies. The most advanced technology in this field is the use of nanotechnology in water and wastewater treatment, especially the use of Membrane processes such as reverse osmosis. Unlike conventional reverse osmosis membranes, nanoporous membranes can ensure rapid water transfer during the displacement process. The purpose of this thesis is to introduce new monolayers that have an incredible performance in... 

Wound healing is a complex and regular process. It makes more challenge when the volume of wound exudate becomes uncontrollable. To solve this problem, hydrofiber wound dressings which contain carboxymethyl cellulose fibers are being used. Fast absorption and keeping the moisture in balance specially in chronic wounds, is one of the major features of hydrofiber wound dressings. In this research, which was conducted with the aim of investigating the synergy effect of active glasses and Hydrofiber commercial wound dressing for the healing of skin wounds, especially chronic wounds, the sol-gel method has been used to synthesize bioactive glasses based on borosilicate, replacing a part of CaO... 

In this study, Lithium recovery process from lithium-ion battery was investigated by electrodialysis method. First, the cathode of the battery was leached in NMP to separate cathode from aluminum foil. Then, the cathode was leached in sulfuric acid with concentration 3.25 M and 10 volume percent hydrogen peroxide that pulp density was 55 g/L at 60°C for 100 minutes. in the next step, an electrodialysis cell was designed and created to recover lithium. And the influence of time, voltage, flow rate of feed solution, concentration of electrode solution and concentration of feed solution on process was investigated. Purpose of this project were investigated lithium ion recovery rate, lithium... 

Conical nanochannels have desirable electrokinetic properties due to asymmetry,including ionic current rectification and ion selectivity. The present study numerically addressed the effect of slip length on the ionic current rectification and ion selectivity in conical-shaped electrolyte-loaded nanochannels with and without a coated polyelectrolyte layer. The electrolyte was considered a salted incompressible Newtonian fluid. The polyelectrolyte layer was also modeled as a rigid and charged porous solid saturated with a salted Newtonian fluid. The electrolyte-polyelectrolyte layer interface was modeled as a surface, considering ion partitioning with distinct physical properties across the... 

The aim of this dissertation is to investigate the extraction of calcium ions using an emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) with an isotopic perspective. Considering the importance of ion extraction as a preliminary step to isotope separation, the factors affecting the extraction of Ca(II) ions in the ELM process were investigated and optimization of the process was performed in this study. Dicyclohexano-18-crown-6 (DC18C6) was used as the carrier due to isotopic considerations. However, its extractability for calcium ions is limited. In order to address this issue, it is possible to introduce an organic acid, specifically di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (D2EHPA), into the membrane phase. This... 

Water-in-salt (WIS) electrolytes with a wide electrochemical stability window (ESW) have made great progress in the field of aqueous batteries and capacitors. However, the slow diffusion of metal ions, such as lithium or calcium, has limited the use of these devices. Meanwhile, adding an organic co-solvent can improve the penetration of metal ions in salt water electrolytes. This electrolyte category, which has also used organic solvent in addition to water, is called organic/aqueous hybrid electrolyte modification. Since the effect of organic solvent on the performance of aqueous electrolyte in calcium batteries has not been investigated so far, in this research the physical and chemical... 

In the current era, the urgent need to reduce the use of fossil fuels and limit carbon emissions has highlighted the importance of shifting from traditional gasoline-powered vehicles to electric vehicles. The evolving landscape and challenges in the field of electric vehicles highlight the importance of ensuring the safety and reliability of energy storage systems. Lithium-ion batteries play a central role in electric vehicle technology, requiring thorough research efforts. Notably, the detection of internal short circuit, a common issue in lithium-ion batteries, has become a focus of researchers in recent years. This study aims to investigate the internal short circuit fault in lithium-ion... 

One of the basic resources for lithium extraction is brine which is very abundance in Iran. It is important to characterize these brines and their compositions to select a suitable method for lithium recovery from them. By investigation of the local brines and determining lithium and other alkali metals composition in them, the ion exchange process using titanium dioxide ion-sieve with nanotube morphology is suggested as highly effective method for lithium extraction from Iranian brines. Due to high advantages of hydrothermal process, TiO2 nanotubes were produced by this method and the optimum parameters of hydrothermal reactions were reported. In this way, hydrogen titanate nanotubes with... 

The transport behavior of water molecules inside a model carbon nanotube is investigated by using nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations. The shearing stress between the nanotube wall and the water molecules is identified as a key factor in determining the nanofluidic properties. Due to the effect of nanoscale confinement, the effective shearing stress is not only size sensitive but also strongly dependent on the fluid flow rate. Consequently, the nominal viscosity of the confined water decreases rapidly as the tube radius is reduced or when a faster flow rate is maintained. The effect of ion concentration and temperature rise on fluid flow and shearing stress is also investigated.... 

Ion channels are present in all cell membranes which are the important part of the performances in regulating the flow across the membrane as well as the signaling. We have investigated the water permeation through carbon nanotube (CNT) membranes as a model for the synthetic ion channels, i.e. peptide nanotube channels (PNCs). The effect of different charge configured CNTs which tailored based on these ion channels on the water permeation has been studied. In addition, the temperature dependence of the permeation using statistical models such as continuous time random walk model (CTRW) via molecular dynamics simulation has been investigated. We have found that there is a jump in the... 

Endothelial derived nitric oxide (NO) and its role in regulating the physiological conditions of blood vessels is one of the favorite topics among researchers. The majority of previous studies have focused on nitric oxide transport in blood vessels, less attention has been paid to its vasodilative effects in blood vessels. The main aim of this study is to propose an integrated model to study the effects of endothelial-derived nitric oxide on hemodynamic conditions of blood vessels. Nitric oxide is produced by endothelial cells upon exposure to mechanical forces such as hemodynamic shear stress. The synthesized nitric oxide then diffuses into the neighboring vascular smooth cells, where it... 

In this study graphene and graphene adsorbent for the Co2+ ion were created from sodium phenoxide and calcium phenoxide, respectively, using the chemical vapor deposition method, and their chemical, physical, and morphological properties were investigated using FT-IR, UV, XRD, Raman, TEM, FE-SEM, and XPS. The results suggest that the optimum reaction condition for synthesizing mono-layer and multi-layer graphene is the 750 °C temperature for 30 min. The Co2+ adsorbing properties of the synthesized graphene adsorbent from calcium phenoxide was investigated. The investigation of solvation properties suggests insolubility above 650 °C and the kinetic data suggest the rapidness of the Co2+...